Bitmex杠杆怎么做

本文因为面向新手,所以会从最基本的概念以及交易方法入手,完成一次完整的交易,并且说明在交易中需要明白的基本概念。相对复杂一些的概念在本文中暂时不会涉及。

BitMEX概述

上图是BitMEX的官方说明文档,我们拆开来看几个要点:

“个人对个人交易平台”,也就是说BitMEX本身主要的业务是撮合交易者完成交易,如果你想做多,那么系统自动匹配希望在你设置价位做空的对手,撮合你们完成交易。所以说合约市场基本是个零和游戏,你赚钱了,肯定有人亏。

“杠杆交易”,在BitMEX中,我们可以使用杠杆,最高100倍,具体的计算方法在后文中展开说明,大家需要具备的一个意识就是高杠杆对应高风险,同时合约交易存在“爆仓”概念,也就是说你的本金会归零。

“** 仅 ** 处理比特币”,BitMEX只使用BTC货币对,所有非BTC合约锚定为平台的XBT(在BitMEX中的BTC称为XBT)。

“不处理法定货币”,BitMEX不提供OTC交易服务。

同时交易所包含5个主导航选项卡如下:

我把它们的常用功能简单做了标注,做为一般的交易者,实际上主要是用“交易”和“账户”两个分区,分别负责日常交易和资金动态的掌握,包括资金的转入转出和盈亏历史纪录;而学习欲望强的朋友可以深入的研究BitMEX的说明文档“合约”和“参考”,最后的“API”借口专为程序员准备,一般交易者不需要了解。

接下来我对“交易”和“账户”两个板块进行讲解,帮助大家完成一次合约交易的买卖。

账户

想要交易,当然是要有自己的账户,我们通过BitMEX官网地址进入首页(需要科学上网):

https://www.bitmex.com/

首先注意看顶部国旗,点击可以切换到中文模式,通过右侧两个按钮可以进入到注册界面,我们点击中文模式,并进入到注册界面中 。

按照要求填信息就好,这里不需要实名,因为如前文所说,BitMEX只做BTC货币对,不涉及法币交易,也就不涉及银行的KYC/AML政策,但这里这里需要注意两点:

1.保证邮箱的有效性,这是保证你账号安全的关键,如果邮箱丢失,你的账号安全将无从保证;

2.国家选择中国即可,有时会出现无法切换,只能是美国的情况,需要调整你的IP,应该是IP地址选择为美国。

点击“我接受服务条款”并且选择“注册”,会进行邮箱验证,通过后我们就能进入BitMEX的交易界面。

点击“验证我的电邮”,可以进入到交易界面

想要在BitMEX中做交易,就必须把之前在OTC购买的BTC转入你的BitMEX账户中,如上图红圈,我们点击账户界面。

我们可以看到“钱包”界面,其中几个部分我们在日后的交易中,都会经常使用到,首先完成第一步,向个人账户中转入我们的本金。图中红圈位置可以完成个人账户中BTC资产的转入转出,点击存款。

进入图中界面,红框内的地址就是我们个人账户所对应的公钥,只需要向这个地址转帐,就能收到,一般需要等待,快的话10分钟,时间长可能要1天多。

“钱包”中的“交易历史”部分,可以看到你的所有交易记录,并且倒出CSV格式数据,可以被excel打开直接使用,使得一般用户也有自己分析过往交易记录的能力。

By 潘达

币市合约怎么做

对于一般的小散,合约市场投机性质远远大于投资,风险比大家常见的现货交易高很多,如果你已经有了被收割的觉悟,欢迎加入!

网上已经有很多教程,帮助大家完成资金从入场到离场的所有操作,但潘达我认为最最痛苦的点不是我知道应该要做什么而不会做,而是我完全不知道我要做什么。所以今天给大家先把币圈的主要市场进行一次简介,让大家在宏观上对币圈有一个把握,也方便各位定位自己需要补充的知识内容。

币市主要有三大市场:

OTC市场

现货市场

合约市场

还有数字货币的生产地,矿场,这是他们互相之间的关系,如下图:

我们先来说说OTC(Over-The-Countermarks)市场

所谓OTC市场,就是场外交易所,这个地方是小散们使用法币(人民币、美元等国家发行的货币统称为法币)购买数字货币的入口。OTC有些类似小集市,买家和卖家之间点对点买卖,由平台方保证资金的安全性。

这是火币OTC市场的截图,我们可以看到火币网支持法币和BTC、ETH以及USDT的货币对交易。

火币网会持有卖方的数字货币资产,当买方通过向卖方个人账户汇款的方式完成交易后,卖方会确认收到汇款,而火币会把你所购买的数字货币资产划转到你的火币账号中。

常用的且可靠的几个OTC交易场所为:

火币场外交易所:

https://otc.huobipro.com/

特点:

有现货交易所,可直接划转;

OKEX场外交易所:

https://www.okex.com/fiat/c2c

特点:

有现货期货市场,可直接划转,丑闻多;

Localbitcoin:

https://localbitcoins.com/

特点:

全球最大BTC的场外交易所,但只做BTC

OTCBTC:

https://otcbtc.com/

特点:

支持CNY、USD、KRW、JPY、HKD这五种法币和BTC、ETH、EOS、USDT、ZIL、NEO、XRP等等64种数字货币的场外交易。

如果考虑其他场外交易所的话,自己先做做背调,多多google百度下,确保自己没有进入到一个野鸡OTC,资金安全无法保障。

补充一点的内容是,OTC是小散们的入场地,而大笔的数字货币与法币的交易,很可能不是通过OTC完成的,有些时候大资金的入场是直接从矿场购买场外数字货币,转入交易所,从而完成二级市场的买卖。

现货市场

大家常常听说的百倍币、千倍币都在现货市场出售。想在现货市场交易很简单,我们只需要把之前在OTC购买的数字货币资产划转到现货市场的账户中,即可开始交易。

在了解如何划转数字货币进现货交易所之前,我们先补充一个非常重要的知识点,钱包

每个人都可以免费的获取专属自己的钱包(具体如何获得,自行百度),每个钱包都有唯一对应的私钥(有些钱包可以管理多个地址,这里把地址和钱包的概念简化了)。对于BTC来说,这个私钥是一个26位的哈希值。可以简单理解为这个私钥全世界独一无二,只有你拥有。由于哈希值不方便人们记忆,所以我们通过一种算法将其转化为助记词,同样,这套像暗号一样的助记词也是全世界独一无二的,且和你私钥的哈希值一一对应。只要你能记住你的助记词,你就拥有这个钱包中的所有数字货币资产,一旦你的私钥被别人知道,你的钱包将不再安全,所有知道私钥的人,都可以对钱包内的资产进行操作,如果你的私钥遗失,你将永久的不可逆的失去你的数字货币资产。

我们回过头来看,不论是现货市场还是OTC市场,只要涉及数字货币交易,都必须使用钱包来管理数字货币资产,而我们在使用法币购买数字货币后,并没有将这些数字货币转到我自己的钱包中,而是继续放置在交易所的钱包当中。这些数字货币之所以能被我们交易,是因为平台方给予我们这样的权利,一旦平台方出问题,或是直接跑路,我们的资产将毫无保障(这个领域是法律的灰色地带,希望政府帮助解决很难)。这也就是不推荐大家去小交易所的原因,安全性太低,随时有被骗归零的可能。

钱包还有一个概念,叫做公钥。一个私钥可以生成多个公钥,当别人想给你汇款时,不需要知道你的私钥是什么,而是需要知道你的公钥,通过对公钥进行转账,你的钱包中就会增加数字货币资产,同理,当你向别人的公钥转账时,你的数字货币资产将会减少,而对方会增加。

现在我们知道如何向我的场内交易账户赚钱了,一般来说,你的场内交易账户都会对应一个交易所的钱包地址,并且在你的账户中可以查找到这个钱包的公钥,当你希望把场外的数字货币转入交易所进行交易时,你需要向你场内交易所的公钥地址转入数字货币。

上图是我在火币的BTC充币地址,欢迎直接转账打赏

火币账户的BTC公钥:

124AkK3vbfCdxExEArJUKtYapcYmSnjB5a

而当你需要把场内交易所的币提出时,则需要填写被转入钱包的公钥。

一些交易所,例如OKEX和huobi,拥有自己的OTC和场内交易所,所以它们支持站内的不同交易所完成数字货币划转。也就是说在这样的交易所,你可以直接把刚刚在OKEX或者huobi的OTC购买的BTC,直接划转到OKEX或者huobi的场内交易所中,而不需要前文提到通过钱包公钥进行转账。

关于钱包的基础概念必须要了解,没有了钱包的存在,数字货币谈不上什么不可篡改,也说不上任何去中心化的概念。同时对小散来说,失去了保护自己的唯一途径。

现货市场中,我们可以交易大多数的数字货币,主要通过USDT(所谓和美元1:1绑定发行的数字货币)和BTC来锚定其他数字货币,从而通过币币交易完成其他数字货币的买卖。

对于现货市场来说,我认为有以下几个特点:

1.现货市场只能做单边交易

也就是说,现货市场中,我们只能低吸高抛,而无法高抛低吸。这对我们会有什么影响?

这使得现货在空头市场最好的增加筹码方式是买入,而不是波段,因为空头市场做现货波段很容易被套牢。这也就导致了想在熊市中通过买卖现货赚钱,非常困难。

2.现货市场是T+0市场

也就是说可以直接买卖,类比A股,A股中当日买入的股票,需要第二日才可出售,也就是T+1市场,而数字货币市场全部都支持现买现卖,也就是T+0。这样的特性使得币市的现货市场同样可以做短线,如果资金量够大,1%的波动依然会有不错的收益。但是我个人不会建议大家在现货市场做1日内的短线交易,一般小散资金体量小,现货无杠杆收益低风险大。

3.大量空气山寨币

对于大多数投机者来说,这正是吸引人的地方。

数字货币市场里发新币没有门槛,大多数项目套个区块链技术创新的壳,发个token,做做运营,没钱的上野鸡交易所,有钱的花钱上个大交易所,就可以名正言顺的来到二级市场圈钱。筹码都在项目方,找个愿意合作的操盘方,用个几千万拉个十多倍,吸引大量的韭菜入场,出货收割,这是币圈常态。大家都认为自己不是那个被套牢的人,疯狂追消息,到处找庄群,希望能通过百倍币实现财富自由。奈何能抄底逃顶的人寥寥无几,看到更多的还是哀嚎遍野,尤其现在的熊市中。当然不得不说,这确实是一条可能一夜暴富的路径。

4.现货市场无保证金

这是类比合约市场而言,现货市场中,你只要不操作,你的持币数不会发生改变,不论天荒地老,你的币还是你的币,这就给现货市场的交易者提供了“装死”这个技能的可能性。同时也为长期投资大大降低了风险(相较合约交易而言),我们看到BTC在2017年的一年中,从700刀一路上升到20000,将近3倍的价格变动,这在其他市场是无法想象的。如果我们能拿到中间段行情,可能已经翻倍,而能做到长时间投资获得不错回报的前提,正是现货市场相对而言的低风险(大家需要注意的是币市由于波动剧烈,所以整体都是一个高风险的市场)。

重点来了,合约市场

合约市场是一种跨越时间的交易方式。买卖双方通过签订标准化合约(例如bitmex永续合约、OKex的季度合约、当周合约等等),同意按指定的时间、价格与其他交易条件,交收指定数量的现货。

合约市场的入场方式和现货市场相同,我们只需要把数字货币转到合约市场账号中,就可以开始交易。

现在主流的合约交易所就两家:

Bitmex:https://www.bitmex.com/

特点:全球最大合约交易所,深度好,负面新闻相对少一些(之前有过一个做市商和平台关系密切的报道),扎针情况少(主力拉升或下砸价格,使得做多做空的人都止损或爆仓),有永续合约,被动成交没有手续费。

OKEX:https://www.okex.com/

特点:国人用的多,有app,深度OK,可以开多个仓位,支持多种挂单方法;负面新闻超多(百度一下就知道),扎针多(最近少了一些),手续费高。

我们再来说说合约市场的特点:

1.合约市场可以双边交易,什么意思?

如果我预期未来价格会上涨,那么我现在签订合约,现价买入数字货币,到时间后用市价卖出,这样我就赚钱;

如果我预期未来价格会下跌,我可以现在签订合约,用现价卖出数字货币(即便我实际上没有任何数字货币),到时间后再用之前卖出数字货币所获的资金买回更多数量的数字货币,由于0成本币变多了,所以我依然赚钱。

也就是说不论涨跌我都可能赚钱。

我的天,这么好吗?熊市也能赚钱,那赶快上啊!先等一等,我要说一说合约市场的高风险特点。

由于买卖的不是现货,那么投资者必须有资金保证具备履行合约的能力,如果总是出现一方由于无力偿还损失,导致合约无法履行,那么整个市场将会崩溃。所以每次在做交易时,都会有保证金,当行情不如你预期,向相反的方向发展,这时候即便保证金也无法偿还你的损失时,交易所会给你做自动平仓,也就是我们常常听到的爆仓了,本金归0,一夜回到解放前。我们在现货市场中使用的装死技能在合约市场失效,你不但亏钱,连币都没有了。

由于这样的特点,我们想加入合约市场,甚至想在其中盈利,都要有很强的风险意识,时时刻刻思考,如何保护我的本金,一笔交易成功概率多高,如果失败我的损失会有多少,成功的话收益会有多少等等一系列问题。

2.合约市场是24小时T+0的市场

也就是说24小时不间断支持随买随卖,你在上一秒做多(认为后市看涨),下一秒就可以卖出,再下一秒又可以开空(认为后市下跌),这就使得很多做短线的人会在期货市场中盯盘交易,甚至看到1分钟的K线图!同时也给量化交易提供了一个不错的土壤,很多机器人充斥在市场中,快速的追涨杀跌。

等等,刚才不是说合约需要到时间强制交易吗?实际上现在主流的合约交易所都可以自动撮合买卖双方,由于有市场深度,能在合约结束前任意时间找到对手盘,完成你的买卖。需要注意的是当急涨急跌时,往往会造成没有对手盘的情况,让你想买买不了,想卖卖不出。

合约市场有多种合约,大部分明确了交割日期,例如OKEX的当周、次周、季度合约,虽然你可以在交割日期内随意的买卖,但是如果到了交割时间点,你还有持仓的话,系统依然会自动用市价完成交割。Bitmex有一种永续合约,不存在交割日期,但是随着时间推移,会收取资金费用,细节内容在之后对合约市场的介绍中会说明。

3.合约市场最最诱人的地方在于其存在高杠杆

在OKEX上,你最高可以使用20倍杠杆,而在bitmex的永续合约中,甚至可以使用100倍!小散们总是禁不住高收益的诱惑,100倍杠杆直接上,梭哈上!这样的结果往往是归零归零归零。

高杠杆也就意味着高风险,在合约市场中,交易所会根据你的保证金数额以及杠杆倍数,确定你的强制平仓位,越高的杠杆,你的强制平仓位就越会靠近成本位置,你所能承受的波动能力就大大减弱,任何小小的波动都可能让你爆仓。

同样高杠杆也代表着高收益,如果你在高杠杆的情况,做对了交易,翻倍很轻松,甚至会有1单10倍的收益的情况。一般来说用20倍杠杆去开仓,在吃到突破行情时,也有50%以上的收益。正是这样的情况使得以小搏大成为可能,如果我们能合理的管控风险,控制仓位,再加上失败率不高的开仓方法,往往比去追百倍币的收益高很多!

By 潘达

爆仓了怎么办?下次怎么避免?

做金融投资时,每个人都可能出错,有的错误造成的损失可能挽回,有的错误则可能将投资者打入难复境地,其中交易纪律最为关键。如果不遵守市场交易纪律,你随时都可能被踢出市场。

下文就将总结投资者爆仓的原因,并给出防范方法。

1、仓位太重。

这是爆仓的主要原因,用大比例的杠杆重仓下手,抗风险能力很差。其心理的魔障就是急功近利,一夜暴富的思想作怪。

防范的方法:就是轻仓小量,细水常流。其实,交易赚钱的精髓是用复利赚钱,而不是用爆利赚钱。关于用复利赚钱的模式,每个人的想法各异,可自己在实践中总结。送大家一句口诀:轻仓小量,顺势而为;细水长流,积少成多。

2、不肯认错。

一旦方向做错,不能当机立断,壮士断腕,而是死抗,直到爆仓,把“命”都搭进去,才不得不被强制平仓,不撞南墙不回头,还美其名曰:明知山有虎,偏向虎山行。可是不要忘了我们来到这个市场是为了赚钱,而不是为了顶天立地,做壮士英雄。谁都不会和钱过不去,打爆仓了,无论什么也立不起来。要先学会保本生存,然后才考虑怎样赚钱。

防范的方法:请大家牢牢记住一句话,“职业炒家不需要虚荣”。

3、不设止损。

大家谈话中除了“喊单”这个词以外,谈论最多的就是“止损”了。可是很多人还是因为没有止损而爆仓,究其原因:一是心理上的障碍,再就是技术上的因素。心理上的障碍主要体现在存有侥幸心理。一旦开仓以后,不设止损,战战兢兢地等待着,就像把自己绑在了一辆没有刹车系统,随时都要倾覆的汽车上,侥幸地希望价格能向自己开仓的方向运动。可是投资不是赌博,侥幸和运气不能永远伴随着你,要想稳定获利,还是要靠自己真正的实力。市场有它自身运行的规则,是不以任何人意志为转移的,所以,侥幸心理这一不良的交易习惯,要在自己的交易行为中,早早根除,否则后患无穷。

防范的方法:要设止损。要把止损位置和自己的头寸调整结合起来,同时也要和自己的操作周期结合起来。如果做中线操作,止损略放大一些,一般150点左右。做短线操作,平均止损位40点左右。要把投入的资金分成3份,一份开仓试单,两份中途加码。在具体操作过程中要用少量资金,适当短线腾挪,不要一捂到底。要把技术止损和资金止损相结合。

4、盲目跟单。

论坛上有很多朋友盲目跟从别人的“喊单”进行操作,没有自己的主见而导致爆仓的比比皆是。

究其原因:对自己不自信,有听消息的不良交易习惯; 有盲目的大师崇拜思想。大师们是行情的预测者,由于市场的不确定性,没有任何人可以稳定预测每个重要行情的转折或市场的波动,大师们也不例外。论坛上的“喊单”者也不是每次都能正确,如果一次发生错误而不能及时纠正的话,那么盲目跟单者很容易导致爆仓。

防范的方法:要仔细分析喊单者的操作方法和思维方式,想一想他为什么看多或看空,为什么要在这个价位开仓,为什么要在那个位置设置止损,和自己的分析判断哪里一致,哪里不同等等,多问几个为什么?一旦发现喊单者的操作方向和市场运行的相反,千万不要盲目迷信和崇拜,要果断离场。总之,只要有自己的主见,不盲目跟从,随机应变,顺势而为,就能避免走向爆仓的境地。

5、频繁进出,过度交易。

有的人因为仓太重而爆仓,可有的人轻仓小量也爆仓。究其原因是“频繁进出,过度交易”。从心理角度上看就是没有计划,急于翻本,下随手单,下情绪单,最后搞的心态很坏,赔率很高,像钝刀子割肉,一点一点地割没了,爆仓了事。

防范的方法:

连续三次交易失误,要坚决罢手不做,停下来做一些其他的事情。比如可以看一些交易大师们的访谈和传记等。当亏损的沮丧消失,心态平和以后,再仔细分析图表,查找失误原因,试着小单入场,如果感觉运气还是很“背”,要继续调整。

想通过准确的预测行情走势,从而在期货市场或任何二级市场获利,我认为没有可能性。

既然不能准确的猜测未来行情的走势,那我们做交易,还能赚钱吗?毕竟不是因为我在低位买入高位卖出或是高位卖出低位买入导致有所收益吗?如果我都不知道价格未来的涨跌,怎么才能赚钱?

当你能深刻的意识到交易的本质是概率的游戏时,才可能实现盈利。

我们首先要接受的概念是“没有人能预测市场”。那是不是有人能高概率的预测市场呢?应该有的,但是这概率有多高?

一般认为,一个成熟的交易员,做外汇市场,其做单成功率也就在55%左右。这数字可能让你无法相信,毕竟日常看到的大神晒单,成功率没有100%,也有70%-80%,如果只有55%还能赚钱吗?

而我今天要说的内容,将是保证你在市场中生存的根本,甚至能让你的做单成功率没到50%也可以有不错收益的方法。

风险控制的方法

在说具体方法之前,我们先弄清楚交易中的几个概念:

开单获利率:所有交易中,最终获利的订单概率是多少

破产率:估算出多少次错误的交易,会导致本金归零

单次交易盈亏比:我们预期一笔交易的盈利和可能存在的损失之间的比值

我们最常使用,也是最有效的控制风险方式就是设置止损订单和控制仓位大小。我们做一些假设:

不论我是否能预测行情,或者我有多大几率预测正确行情,行情未来行走的概率无非就是涨跌横。当我们在某一位置介入交易时,抛开主观判断,我们假设所有可能性都相同(虽然必然是不相同的)。

如果我开的是多单,看涨后市价格,我能获利的概率就是34%,而失败的概率是66%。这看上去是一笔绝对不会去做的交易,因为多次反复开单后,我必然会一直亏损,承受33%概率对我造成的伤害。

甚至更糟糕,因为期货市场有保证金机制,我很可能没有机会多次交易,因为当价格向我预期相反的反向前进较大距离后,由于我的保证金已经无力承担所需要支付的费用时,就会遭到强制平仓,也就是大家常说的“爆仓”,对于全仓交易的人来说,这就是所有本金。

我们看看在这个前提下,各个概率是多少:

开单获利率:34%

破产率:33%

单次交易盈亏比:对于本次交易,我们暂时理解为正无穷,因为亏损是有限的,而价格上升空间是无限大的(实际上不是;)哈哈)

这是一笔看似荒唐的交易,特别是放到现实交易中。因为我们知道现实交易中,收益不会无限大,价格总是往返波动,我们如果不及时的离开市场,即便一开始的方向正确,最后也有亏损的可能性。况且还有本金归零的风险,而这样的风险我们无力承受。

但可悲的是这就是大多数人交易的现状。他们把订单放到市场中后,并不会设置止损。赌性大的人满场介入市场,运气不好直接爆仓。而有的人一开始并没有全仓介入交易,而是小仓位买入,但是看到价格行走方向不如预期,已经要触碰到自己的爆仓价格,使得自己亏损实在严重,因此继续添加保证金,希望未来价格能回到自己介入市场的位置。他们因为这样的操作,使得自己所有的积蓄都押进了市场,最终爆仓亏光所有积蓄。

因此设置止损就是我们在市场中要想生存,必须每次交易,都要进行的操作。

如果加上止损之后,我们再看看之前的几个概率:

开单获利率:?(降低)

加上止损后,你的获利率必然降低,因为很多时候,在你开单位置的价格波动会触发你的止损价格,从而让你错过。

破产率:?(降低)

一旦加上止损,你的破产概率就难以评估,因为这会受到你止损大小和开单获利率的影响,但破产率必然大幅降低。我们假设起始本金1%的错误方向行走就离场,那么要开单错误100次,才会等同于爆仓的效果。

单次交易盈亏比:我们假设通过对盘面的猜测,能猜对方向且不被扫损的几率为33%,那我至少要在有3倍以上的获利空间时,才会去介入交易。

或者我们换个方式,每次交易我坚决只动用本金的1%,只要翻倍就离开市场,绝对不添加保证金。这种方式看似粗暴,但实际上也合理的控制了风险。我们同样需要100次错误的交易才能让本金归零。

由于止损或仓位管理的加入,大多数概率实际上都难以准确预估。但是我们知道风险控制的介入,大大降低破产率以及开单获利率(风险收益成正比)。

对于任何一个做交易的人来说,有能力长时间介入交易极其重要的。

不论你是否能找到一种合适的介入交易方式,使得你的单次交易盈亏比和开单获利率能成为正向收益。但是如果你没有足够的时间和金钱在市场中试错,完善自己的交易策略,那么盈利就无从谈起。

因此在市场中生存是交易获利的基础,也是长期获利的关键。任何没有风险控制,一味的梭哈赌大小的策略,都是天空中绚丽的烟火,转瞬既逝。

而如何结合自己的分享控制方法,找到合适的交易策略,就是我们不停在市场中磨练的经验和能力。从一开始的迷恋技术到现在的回归风险控制。我激进的认为,盈利的方式甚至就是风险控制本身。各个关键概率的权衡优化,才是交易获利的努力方向所在。

By 潘达

新手炒币指南

准备篇

1 降维打击——交易所跑路!

2 高手死于合约

实战篇

上篇 中线投资

1 中线投资如何选择币种

2 抄底与逃顶

下篇 短线投资

1不动如山——什么环境可以短线投资?

2其疾如风——消息面的甄别与选取

3其徐如林——136投资法与多指标共振

总结:主力操盘手法,散户做单思

私货:徒弟下山前的一点唠叨

一 准备篇

1 降维打击——交易所跑路

降维打击或许很美很震撼,前提是被打击的不是自己。

而对于交易者而言,算尽机关盈利颇丰,却遭遇交易所跑路,郁闷程度可想而知。 在一切的开始之前,我们先理清一个概念。★我们所有的投资行为,均发生在交易所。

一旦选择野鸡交易所,平台跑路,所有的本金,盈利都将化为乌有。

作为新手,最重要的就是选择靠谱的交易平台。

这里只给大家推荐三个平台,★也是国内最大,最正规,监管最严格的三大交易所。火币,币安,okex。

大交易所天然的帮助我们过滤一些垃圾币,同时保证了提币的安全性。某些野鸡交易所,甚至会套路交易者,提币时会需要额外的手续费。

因此,选择三大交易所,是最适合大家的选择。

2 旁门左道——高手死于合约

首先什么是合约?又为何无数高手死于合约呢?

首先合约是一种场内杠杆, 可以成倍的放大你的收益和亏损。★对于新手而言,通常会放大你的失误,甚至爆仓损失掉全部本金。

举个例子,张三开了十倍合约,以1rmb价格买入某币种。币价上涨至1.1,张三资产便实现了翻倍。且慢,一旦币价下跌至0.9,张三爆仓,全部资产清零。

看起来愿赌服输,实质上这本质就是不公平的游戏。

★数字货币经常出现插针行情,甚至会出现多空双杀的“天地针”。一夜过去,币价不变,币没了……

如图所示,今年8月2日呈现一根“天地针”,我们可以发现已开盘价358点入场为例,十倍杠杆无论做空还是做多,均难以逃脱爆仓的命运。

不仅如此,当天频繁出现断网,交易者们止损无门,只能化为庄稼的肥料。★交易所的后 台,更可以看到交易者的仓位,实施精准打击。

因此,远离合约方为正道,即使旁门左道可以获得一时的收益,终究不能形成长久稳定的复利。

二 实战篇

下面我以时间跨度分为两类,趋势中线投资和短线投资。长线短线并无高下之分,只有是否适合自己的投资风格,任君抉择。

不好意思,小孩子才做选择题,成年人两个都要!

趋势中线投资

1 趋势中线如何选择币种。

★趋势中线投资本质是利用周期和成长性带来的红利,我们将着重考虑以下两个维度:风险性,成长性。

市值越高风险性越低,低点和高点之间的差值越大,成长性越高。

可见btc和eth不仅市值位于前二,成长性同样极高。同时,每轮周期开始之前低点不断提高。★最优秀的投资者和初入币圈的新手,都在投资btc和eth。

2 抄底与逃顶

1 fgi恐慌指数,fgi恐慌指数是综合买盘卖盘,对市场情绪一种具象化提现

市场贪婪定抛,市场恐惧我抄底。

当恐慌指数fgi于0~25入场买入,当fgi于80~100卖出

有徒弟说,这也太玄了。不行,我亏了钱夜不能寐,寝食难安……

没关系,来师门领取一份神器——抄底指南针,rsi+kdj 干货来了

★ 调出两组指标rsi.kdj,同时满足,当rsi小于20,kdj三线同时小于20时入场,当rsi,kdj均大于80离场。

注意“指南针“并不能标准指向正南,但绝对会增加你的投资精度。

以18年的,btc为例。最低点为3155,以kdj,rsi双指标为基准,均低于20入场。我们大概4100点入场开始定投。再选择,kdj,rsi均大于80抛售。(新手可以直接一次性清仓,老手可以定抛),可以看到我们卖在10699左右★即使是无脑采用指标,也可以吃到这一周期的大部分利润。

下篇 短线投资

短线篇

一 不动如山——什么环境可以短线投资?

无数人会给出回答,盘面,k线,各种指标……。但在短线,我们必须确定它们的最高领导人——比特币的状态。★只有当比特币横盘或缓涨,短线才有投资的价值。

我们分两个角度去分析一下

1 比特币暴跌:一旦比特币暴跌,将引发市场的极度恐慌,大量资金出逃离场。

2比特币暴涨,有徒弟说了上次暴跌我亏了,这次我选个市场情绪极佳的时刻,总能水涨船高了吧?错!★一旦比特币开始暴拉,将开始吸血效应,市内的资金源源不断的流入比特币,导致其他币种无人问津。

二 其疾如风——消息面的甄别与选取 对于即将踏入江湖的剑客,搜集足够的情报是必不可少的。而币圈,我们应该如何去寻找可靠的消息面呢?

这里我用的是非小号,在日历上可以找到对应的消息,同时对近期的热点也应了然于胸。 包括预言家defi,国产公链,甚至量子链……

不了解信息是愚蠢的,而盲目相信一切信息犹有过之。★消息面仅仅是一种参考,任何利好都可能是庄家诱多烟幕弹,必须辩证来看。

其徐如林——136 投资法与多指标共振。

投资法不贵多,贵精。这里我们打开一小时级别,当ma30上穿ma60形成金叉,买入建仓,(注意这里新手不必一次性建仓,可以分批建仓增加容错),并设置止损。死叉或高点卖出。

细心的读者应该会发现,短线的知识点远远多于中线。短线容错率更低,更加需要技术精准的把握点位。

下面以bhd为例,首先调整到1h级别,ma30均线上穿ma60均线,买入。(如图圈处所示,ma30,60形成金叉),当ma30下穿ma60卖出(ma30下穿ma60死叉卖出)

总结 主力操盘手法和散户做单思路

任何投资方法都不可能适应一切情况,必须具体分析主力操盘手法及持仓成本。

如图所示, 以bhd为例,每次1小时级别,ma30上穿60买入,死叉卖出都为盈利。

我们根据主力可能的出货点,来寻找来寻找卖出点。这里读者可能会说,上篇提到无脑金叉买死叉卖不就可以稳定获利,我干嘛再去废脑筋?

确实蜡烛图来看,死叉售出即可获利,但同样我们应该尽可能最大化利益。

显然死叉并非最高点,我来像大家分享两个小技巧。

1 寻找周线级别阻力位,周线级别往往可以可以给我们更为精确的反馈。

2 一旦近期均线钝化甚至下行,或macd出现背离意味着应当考虑减仓甚至卖出。

未思进,先思退。散户思维经常是,啊!今天下跌了。好难受怎么办,要不要赶紧跑,会不会崩盘?我本该…

事实上,成熟交易者的处变不惊的一部分来源于买入前的对趋势的思考和推测。

再以bhd为例,前面说了看好理由,但是真的能保证买在绝对低点,买入后一路上涨不亏一分钱吗?

答案自然是否定的,买入前我已经找好了下一个支撑位,一旦触及支撑点位立即按计划补仓。再以本次bhd为例,买入后由于大盘下跌,引起轻微下跌,幅度却远远小于多数币种,这样轻微的震荡,★完全在我的预案之中,反而坚定了我的投资思路。

首先恭喜跟到这里的读者,财富在向你们招手。

币种已被顺利卖出,盈利入库。你可以坦然的,给自己加一份夜宵。但很遗憾,我们的投资仍未结束。

卖出了币,我们仍然要给与关注。

众所周知,庄家的吸筹过程极为耐心往往持续数月之久。自然不可能一次性抛售干净★回调背后,必然意味着将来再度的拉盘。

这里我们找到前期得支撑点位(一般就在我们的买入点附近),一旦跌到点位,再度入局!反复高抛低吸,实现利润最大化。

师傅作揖徒行船,即使剑法大成,徒弟离开山门闯荡江湖,师傅免不了唠叨几句掏心窝子的“私货”。等不及的徒弟可以先行下山……

1 新手忌讳频繁看盘

2 只做自己有把握的行情。

3 离开自己预期及时止损。

4合理控制仓位

5 闲钱投资,远离任何场内,场外杠杆

By 慎独

赚了就跑,炒山寨币的经验

币圈有一些被大家公认存在巨大的价值且师出名门的币种,例如比特币、莱特币、以太币等等,我喜欢把这类称为“正统币”。因为他们最起码能够做到算法公开、系统开源,换言之就是把虚拟币底层技术“区块链”的去中心化体现得很到位。

但是除了这些正统币以外,还有一些名不见经传,犹如雨后春笋遍地开花的“山寨币”。称他们为山寨币理由也很简单,因为有的山寨币既没有实现去中心化也没有实现全球化的发行。按照我个人的理解来看,这甚至有点像类似传销的庞氏骗局。

所以很多山寨币也是倒的倒跑的跑,不过作为山寨币的发行商也确确实实是收割了不少的韭菜,大不了换个名字重新出现在大众视野中再来一次,毕竟韭菜这种东西总是割不完的,看的就是谁的刀快。

那么你可曾想过提上自己的镰刀,也去收割一波山寨币的韭菜呢?今天我就来给大家分享一下山寨币的暴利玩法,赚了钱就跑真刺激!

1. 山寨币的特点分析

这次我们要操作的项目对象是山寨币,所以我们就先来分析山寨币的特点,因为这就是我们赚钱的突破口。

在火币网上,除了正统币的交易以外,还有很多山寨币在这里上线“币币交易”,因此我们可以通过这个网站了解到山寨币的价格走势和具体波动,这里我就先截一些山寨币的走势图给大家看一下。

(SNC)
(LSK)
(EVX)

老实说,这三种山寨币的名字,我从来没听说过!前两种币是在2月3日才上线该网站币币交易区的,第三种是在1月19日上线的。

从这三种币的走势图我们就已经可以分析出一个对应的特点了,那就是山寨币在上线的第一天必定会大幅度的上涨,随后其价格将会在下跌后趋于稳定,或跌破发行价。这里我只截取了三种山寨币,大家也可以在网站上多看看,这个特点确实是所有山寨币所共有的。

类比到股票市场,有的朋友就比较清楚了,就像新股刚刚一发售,开始的几天总会有肉眼可见的增长。

2. 针对该特点具体分析

(MTN)

就在我写这篇文章的同时,正好有一个新的山寨币币种上线,这里我们也可以来看看这个特点是否适用。

我们来细看一下这个新出的币种在每分钟的走势情况。我们可以明显的发现,这个山寨币在上线的第一分钟就被炒到了近500%的涨幅,而在第二分钟就开始疯狂的下跌,但也维持在了90%左右的涨幅收益。

看到这里可能有的朋友就明白我们今天要讲的项目玩法了,很简单那就是在新币种上线的瞬间完成最低价买入,然后再最短的时间内立刻卖出来获取其中的近1倍的收益。

这些收益是从哪里来的呢?看了这张图我觉得大家应该就能够理解到了。做这个项目所获得的收益,准确的来说都是建立在对韭菜党和接盘侠的收割上。因此整个项目最大的操作难点就在于如何在该币种上线的瞬间完成最低价的购入。

3. 实际操作收益

大家可以看到,这样的一个山寨币收割的过程仅仅只花了4分钟时间,收入0.0118643621个比特币,大概获利593元人民币。

再来看看这一次操作,整个过程耗时2分钟,收入比特币0.0133092136个,折合人民币大约665元。

那么由此可见决定项目收益的多少存在两个因素,第一个是你所投入的本金数量,为了方便在这个项目的操作,我们更多采用百分比来计算收益,一般情况下都是能够达到20%到40%的收益,如果币价合理甚至能达到100%,当然极少数有500%的,这种就是属于可遇不可求的了,因此你投入得越多赚的越多。

第二个因素就是操作的速度,我个人是认为越快越好,因为大家都是来收割韭菜的,比拼的就是谁的刀快,谁跑得快。毕竟从古时候打仗开始就是跑得快当元帅,因此无论该币种是暴涨还是暴跌,我们都一定要在最短的时间内出手,这样就能够在最大程度上规避风险,避免成为后续被收割的韭菜。

4. 项目具体操作方法

任何事情都讲究一个未雨绸缪,这个项目也是不例外的,我们一定要在新币上线之前就做好充分的相应准备。

首先就是注册火币网的账号,并且完善好自己的所有信息,同时我们还需要下载对火币网的手机APP版本,再打开APP的消息推送功能。因为每当有新币要上线之前,APP都会推送新币上线的名称、时间、发行价等重要信息,这点是最关键的。

在获取这些信息之后,我们就应该量力而行,在可承受的范围内筹划自己应该投入多少,因为这样的炒币项目是存在风险的,我们只能去规避,但无法去无视,所以请千万不要破釜沉舟殊死一搏。

然后我们就需要提前在火币网上购买用于币币交易用的交易货币,一般情况下都是使用的比特币,当然也有的使用的是USDT或者ETH,这个主要取决于这3种正统币的波动幅度,目前来看都比较稳定,在几分钟的短时间内,不会存在过多的问题。

举个例子,假设2月6日上午11点整会推出一个新币,名字叫韭菜币,发行价为0.000250比特币,我准备了0.1比特币的成本。那么我们就需要在2月6日上午10点30分就准备好购买韭菜币用的比特币。然后在10点55分就进入火币网的交易区进行等待,通过不断复制粘贴“韭菜币”进行搜索,做到第一时间就能过进入韭菜币的交易区。

然后立刻点击购买,再点击“最大购买量”,假设不扣除手续费,那么我就可以立刻购买到400韭菜币。此时我们就立刻点开之前准备好的卖出界面,快速点击“最大卖出量”,马上卖出。

整个操作的过程可以控制在5分钟以内,并且操作的过程中我们不要去看韭菜币涨幅达到了多少,因为根本就没有时间来给我们考虑这么多的东西。我们唯一可以确定的是,操作的越快越不会亏损,我们只需要取我们应得的部分收益就可以了,千万不要去期望屯币赚钱。兄弟,这可是名不见经传的韭菜币,谁屯谁韭菜!

那么假设在5分钟的时间内我完成了这个操作,卖出价为0.0004比特币,同样的没有扣手续费,这样下来就能够获得0.16比特币,去掉成本收入0.06比特币,按照当前大约50000人民币的比特币价格,那么就可以赚到3000人民币。

“台上一分钟,台下十年功”,用这句话来比喻虽然不是很恰当,但是在这几分钟内获得的收益也确实是通过提前的准备而获得的。

5. 极为重要的注意事项!

最后再来给大家讲一下,操作这个项目的过程中需要注意的一些东西。

① 学会选择

如果你没能在最低价或者较低价购入刚上线的山寨币,那么就请你点击交易界面右上角的红色小叉吧。

因为如果在你购入的时候这个币种的价格就已经达到了40%左右的增幅,假设继续购买,那么就很有可能成为那一群韭菜或者接盘侠。

学会选择才能最大程度上规避掉存在的风险,我们要做的是赚钱而不是成为被收割的韭菜。

② 量力而行

有多大的碗吃多少的饭,在这个项目中很大程度上决定收入的是你所投入的成本。但是请大家一定要量力而行,在可承受范围内操作这个项目,即使因为操作失误产生亏损,但这也不足以伤筋动骨大伤元气。

天台上挺冷的,排队的人也挺多,何必非要给自己找不自在呢?

③ 学会放弃

这些新上线的山寨币还有一个特点,那就是发行价越高,能够维持的收益时间也就越长。大家可以理解为,发型价高的币其保值时间更长,有的币甚至“可能”会维持2到3天的增长。而发行价越低的币,韭菜们被收割的速度越快,因为操作门槛低所以韭菜多啊!

人心不足蛇吞象,大家注意这里我用的是“可能”,意思就是这是不确定的无法预期的。不要想着收益最大化,那样太贪,天台上的老哥们一开始也是这样想的。

还是那句话,我们只取我们自己应得的那部分收益就可以了,所有的项目,尤其是今天山寨币这个项目,更多的可能是一个机缘的问题。

“莫强求,白了少年头,空悲切。”

By 杰神

What is Yearn Finance

Yearn Finance is a gateway for a set of Decentralized Finance solutions, powered by the Ethereum blockchain, that allows one to maximize your investments through lending aggregation, yield-generation, and insurance. The revolutionary YFI can be seen as the first step towards a secured and better investment in the DeFi. While volatility seems to be the most consistent characteristic of the overall cryptocurrency market volatility, its effect on the YFI token seems undeniably low.

The following article explores what Yearn Finance is, the basics, and how you can use it.

Tl;dr – think yield farming on autopilot.

1. What is Yearn Finance?

Essentially, Yearn Finance allows users to automatically get the highest yields on several DeFi platforms.  Like we mentioned before, Yearn Finance runs on the Ethereum blockchain and provides lending aggregation, yield generation, and insurance. Yields on Yearn Finance

Yields on Yearn Finance

It’s maintained by a series of independent developers while being governed by YFI holders. It was developed by Andre Cronje, a well-known cryptocurrency expert with extensive knowledge in mobile development and distributed systems. Prior to dedicating his time to developing Yearn Finance, Cronje was a Head of Technology for several companies where he started grasping blockchain and cryptocurrencies. After that, he dove deep into this technology and performed roles as advisor, engineer, analyst, and consultant for a series of companies such as CryptoCurve or Kosmos Kapital and projects such as FUSION foundation or Fantom Foundation.Yearn Finance comprises four core products that function together seamlessly to enable a smooth running of the protocol and enable users to gain on their investment: 

Vaults: A passive-investing tool that automatically generates yields through capital pools;

Yinsure: A KYC-less insurance policy for smart contracts;

Zap: A tool that allows you to swap in and out of certain liquidity pools;

Earn: A lending aggregator that continuously searches for the best interest rates.

2. Highs and Lows of YFI

To better understand the Yearn Finance of today, let’s take a look at its history.

Initially, Yearn.Finance was created by Cronje with the goal of allowing investors to find the best yield for their investments in a practical and automatic way. Its native token is called YFI and acts as a governance token concerning voting and decision-making on the protocol. 

YFI was listed on Coinbase Pro on the 11th of September of 2020, and four days later it was ready to be used for trading. Coinbase described Yearn.Finance as a decentralized platform with the automated functions of aggregated liquidity and marketing movement of providers’ funds between platforms like dYdX, Aave, and Compound.

The surge of YFI is one of the more unexpected coin booms in recent cryptocurrency history.

Just four days after its listing on Coinbase Pro, YFI’s price grew from $32,382 to $41,381. This burst in per-token price met with Bitcoin’s price at around $43,966.Experts concluded that the explosive burst of YFI might be related to its union of strong technical, new products, yield farming, and the growing popularity of DeFi liquidity pools. 

The DeFi and Yearn Finance communities look towards its products such as Vaults, Yinsure.Finance, and “StableCredit USD” to further push the network (and price) forward.

3. The evolution of Yearn Finance

The Yearn Finance protocol started under the name of iEarn and it was built single-handedly by Andre Cronje. The protocol suffered an attack in 2020, which led to the founder taking time off the platform following an outcry from the project’s community. 

This attack basically exploited the fact that Cronje tests his software in a “live” environment. This allowed a user to “lose” more than $400k via slippage in Curve Finance, but it also allowed his friend to step into the scene with large pockets and reverse the slippage. This then resulted in a small loss for the first user mentioned here and a small profit for a third user. Even if a lot of people were suspicious, the attack was not as damaging as it could have been.Yearn finance

Various proposals on Yearn finance

In any case, he came back to the protocol and the project was rebranded to Yearn Finance.

The rebranding also resulted in the introduction of new products on the platform such as Vaults, StableCredit, yInsure, and Earn. However, it was the introduction of the protocol’s native token YFI that projected the protocol to the spotlight

Before the token’s introduction, the available liquidity on the protocol was just $8M but this changed swiftly to more than $400M in just a week after launching the token.

Initially, only the Founder Cronje had the right to mint tokens, which has since been extended to include 9 members. These nine members are the closest there is to a board of directors. To make any changes to the protocol, at least 6 out of those 9 members need to approve through a Multi-sig wallet. Only active members of the DeFi community are included in the Multi-signature ownership and Cronje is not included as part of the signatory.Yearn finance

Various proposals on Yearn finance

The Yearn Finance community members and contributors have explored the addition of extra YFI tokens to incentivize developers.  They planned to add 6666 tokens to the existing pool of 30.000 and voted on the proposal on January 28, 2021. The vote to inflate the token supply by 22% passed with 1670 YFI voting in support of the proposal and 331 YFI voting against it.

4. How to use Yearn Finance

Now that you know what is Yearn Finance, let’s explore how people are actually using it. 

You can use Yearn Finance for trading and lending through its product known as Earn, Zap, and APY. For example, Earn allows users to earn the highest interest on lending via all lending protocols. Earn searches all these lending protocols to get the best rate for users. Users can earn these interest rates by depositing USDT, sUSD, DAI, USDC, and TUSD on the Yearn Finance protocol.

Zap enables users to make many investments in a single click. That means that you can exchange your USDC for yCRV in a single stroke rather than repeated steps across different platforms. This is time-saving and cheaper in terms of the transaction cost. If tokens like yCRV are unfamiliar to you, do not worry. They do involve a few more steps to get but once you dominate the platform, it will come naturally to you. 

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on the other hand, analyzes the lending protocols available to Earn users then gives an estimation of the amount of interest they should expect to make annually for a specific amount of money.

You can also use Yearn Finance vaults on the protocol to gain earnings on your investment. However, it is a bit more complex than the other products we have talked about. Yearn Finance vaults utilize the protocol’s self-executing code to enable traders to track active investment strategies. There are 10 vault strategies available to users as of August 30, 2020.

However, for users to grasp how vaults work they have to be familiar with code as the strategies on it are expressed in Solidity. It sounds complicated, but actually investing in a vault isn’t as technical as it seems. The user interface on Yearn Finance does a pretty good job at simplifying the process. 

Essentially, users will see a list of vaults with historical ROIs and can deposit USDC into any given vault. Then, the profits generated are used to invest in the same asset of each vault, creating a “continuous buy-and-hold strategy”. Finally, for those that wish to withdraw their funds, they will be proportionally allocated, based on the share of contribution of each investor to the pool.

Final Thoughts: Is Yearn Finance Legit?

The astronomical rise of its token YFI put it on the radar, but Yearn Finance is more than just a rapidly growing token. Yearn Finance has cemented itself as a key player in the DeFi market due to its ability to interface with multiple pools and offer the best possible rates.

Its technical capabilities allied with a valuable token and a large and passionate community make this project one of the most exciting ones in the DeFi space. The expectation of getting new products, new Vault strategies, and new integrations cannot allow any crypto enthusiast to avoid following the Yearn Finance community.

By Alex Moskov

Popular Smart Contract Platforms

Smart contract platforms now allow anyone to design programmable finance and apply them to a myriad of new use cases. For example, the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement, as well as other decentralized applications (dApps), are all dominated by Ethereum-based smart contracts

One can think of smart contracts as dynamic “if-then” statements. 

And if a developer or company combines enough of them together, they can build never-before-seen tools. The advantages aren’t just in this flexibility, either. Smart contracts eliminate many of the costs of intermediaries traditionally included in the fields of law, finance, supply chains, and much more.

Ethereum now has a host of competitors too. Though the project has enjoyed a first-mover advantage, faster, more advanced blockchain projects have emerged to try taking the throne. 

In the following Guide, Crypto Briefing outlines the top smart contract platforms and offers readers a broad overview of the smart contract space. 

Ethereum

Founder: Vitalik Buterin

Date of creation: Launched in July 2015.

Asset: ETH

One-liner: The first smart contract platform, and still the biggest in terms of developer activity.

Ethereum was the first blockchain to be developed with a Turing-complete scripting language, Solidity. It was the brainchild of programmer Vitalik Buterin, who recognized the vast potential of blockchain technology through his early engagement with Bitcoin. However, after failing to convince Bitcoin core developers that the platform needed application development functionality, he wrote the white paper for Ethereum. 

The founding team comprises Buterin, Anthony Di Iorio, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie, Amir Chetrit, Gavin Wood, Joseph Lubin, and Jeffrey Wilke. Several of these members have since left Ethereum to work on their own projects. 

Ethereum is the current leader of smart contract space and provided a blueprint for many of its successors. It was the first blockchain to gain any significant traction with enterprise adoption, thanks in part to the formation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, which boasts members including Samsung, Intel, and JP Morgan. 

Ethereum is also the central hub of the decentralized finance movement, home to some of crypto’s biggest dApps, including Maker and Compound

Over the years, Ethereum has weathered several significant events, the most notable of which is The DAO incident in 2016, where a hacker exploited a vulnerability in a smart contract and stole $50 million worth of ETH. 

The fallout from the incident resulted in a divide in the Ethereum community, with one side supporting a rollback of the blockchain to reclaim the funds, and the other side declaring that “code is law.” A controversial hard fork ensued, resulting in the formation of the Ethereum Classic blockchain. 

The biggest challenge facing Ethereum, however, has been its lack of scalability. Despite being one of the most-used blockchains, it frequently suffers from network congestion. Perhaps due to a highly decentralized approach to core development, upgrades are slow to arrive and often beset by delays. 

The current upgrade, dubbed ETH 2.0, has been slated for the first phase of implementation in July 2020. 

The native token of the platform is ether (ETH), which is the second-biggest cryptocurrency by market cap. Ether is also used to pay the gas fees required for transactions on the platform. 

RSK

Founder: Diego Gutiérrez Zaldívar (now CEO of IOV Labs), Sergio Lerner, Gabriel Kurman, Adrian Eidelman, and Ruben Altman

Date of creation: RSK was founded in 2016 and launched in 2018.

Asset: RBTCRIF

One-liner: Smart contract platform running as a sidechain of the Bitcoin blockchain.

RSK operates as a sidechain of the Bitcoin blockchain and is merge-mined with Bitcoin. It was developed to bring Ethereum-like smart contract functionality to the Bitcoin network. 

Diego Gutierrez Zaldivar, CEO and founder, describes the RSK vision to Crypto Briefing as: 

“We developed RSK to add value and expand functionality to the Bitcoin ecosystem by providing smart contracts functionality and greater scalability, establishing the layer needed for Bitcoin to  become the financial system of the future.”

The RBTC token is pegged 1:1 with Bitcoin and is the native token of the RSK platform, used to pay for the gas to execute transactions. 

RSK now operates as part of a technology stack with the Bitcoin network as a base layer. The RSK Infrastructure Framework (RIF) layer runs on top of RSK, providing a marketplace of developer tools. These include storage, payments, and a naming service. 

RSK hasn’t gained the same traction as Ethereum in the North American and European markets. However, it does have a far bigger footprint in its native Latin America. 

The company that operates RSK, IOV Labs, last year acquired Taringa, the biggest social network in Latin America with over 30 million users. It’s also the platform of choice for Money on Chain, which operates the Dollar on Chain stablecoin and has recently expanded into offering stablecoins collateralized by the RIF token. https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FLiam_Gallas&dnt=true&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=eyJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2hvcml6b25fdHdlZXRfZW1iZWRfOTU1NSI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJodGUiLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfX0%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1247327791726710788&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fcryptobriefing.com%2Fwhos-afraid-ethereum-top-12-smart-contract-platforms%2F&sessionId=3a46b40fa92812b9c3c9b588bdbf2745b70d160c&siteScreenName=crypto_briefing&theme=light&widgetsVersion=ff2e7cf%3A1618526400629&width=500px

RSK can scale up to around 400 transactions per second. However, some of the tools available on the RIF layer can run even faster. For example, the Lumino payments protocol can handle up to 5,000 transactions per second. 

The RBTC token is merge-mined with Bitcoin, and the RSK network has previously managed to gather around 45% of the Bitcoin network hashrate, making it highly secure compared to many other platforms dependent on a smaller number of miners or nodes. 

Ardor

Founders: Lior Yaffe, Kristina Kalcheva

Date of creation: Launched on mainnet in January 2018.

Asset: ARDR

One-liner: “Parent-and-child chain” architecture with lightweight smart contract capabilities and no blockchain bloat.

Ardor is operated by Jelurida and has its roots in the Nxt blockchain, which was one of the first PoS networks and has been running since 2013. Ardor was created by the same team to overcome the adoption challenges of traditional linear blockchain architecture. 

These include the use of a single token, a lack of customization capability, and blockchain bloating as a result of processing and storing every single transaction in the same way. 

Ardor aims to overcome this with an architecture that comprises the main parent chain and child chains. Each child chain is entirely customizable according to user requirements and can use its own token. Ardor also makes use of stateless, lightweight smart contracts programmed in Java. 

Lior Yaffe, Core Developer and Co-Founder of Ardor, explains the lightweight smart contracts as follows:

“The contract code itself is a simple Java class uploaded to the blockchain and therefore digitally signed and time stamped. However, the execution of the contract is only performed by nodes who choose to run the Contract Runner addon. This removes the need for ‘metered’ execution using the gas model and removes the risk of systematic failure in case the contract malfunctions.”

He adds:

“Furthermore, this enables contracts to work as oracles, to freely integrate with external systems and thus removes the need for a separate layer of oracles.”

The first and main child chain of Ardor is Ignis, which offers unique features and functions across other child chains operating on the Ardor network. These include asset issuance and user account configuration. Ignis also provides various on-chain features, including a voting system, exchange, and data cloud. 

Ardor and Ignis each operate their own tokens, under the tickers ARDR and IGNIS, respectively. 

Applications running on Ardor include augmented reality game Triffic, art-focused DAO Tarasca, and real estate management platform Dominium

Matic Network 

Founders: Jaynti Kanani, Sandeep Nailwal, Anurag Arjun

Date of creation: 2018, mainnet launched in 2020.

Asset: MATIC

One-liner: Plasma and PoS side chains create a scalable layer 2 for the Ethereum network.

Matic Network is a layer 2 scaling solution that utilizes sidechains for off-chain computation. T

he network is secured through an adapted version of the Plasma framework and a decentralized network of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) validators. 

Jaynti Kanani, a co-founder of Matic, describes the vision of the project as follows: 

“Matic aims to overcome the scalability and usability-related problems of the blockchain space by leveraging a combination of blockchain scaling, developer platform and tools, and a keen focus on user experience. We believe the answer to enabling widespread adoption of blockchain technology lies with second-layer solutions focused on scalability. Thus, Matic Network provides massive scaling capabilities whilst leveraging the security and decentralization of the Ethereum mainchain.”

Matic Network achieves significant scalability, with a throughput of 65,000 transactions per second without compromising on decentralization. 

The project achieved early recognition from some of the biggest names in crypto, with both Coinbase Venture and Binance Labs providing financial backing. 

Before launching its mainnet on Jun. 3, 2020, Matic had already attracted more than 50 dApps, making it the most adopted layer 2 platform in the space. dApps on Matic encompass a variety of niches ranging from gaming to DeFi, with notable projects including Decentraland and whitelabel betting platform BetProtocol.

The network’s token, MATIC, is used in a similar way to Ethereum to pay gas fees for transactions. 

Telos

Whitepaper author: Douglas Horn (now founder of block producer, GoodBlock).

Date of creation: The Telos Mainnet was launched on Dec. 12, 2018, by the Telos Launch Group.

Asset: TLOS

One-liner: Telos is a dPoS blockchain based on EOSIO software with a focus on governance.

The Telos network was created to combine flexible governance and high transaction speeds using EOSIO software. Telos never held an ICO and has been a community-driven bootstrapped project since inception.

With a network capable of handling 8,000 transactions per second, the Telos platform attracted gaming apps Angry Warlords and BLOX to its platform. 

With governance credentials that rival those of Tezos, Telos has also attracted several dApps for social good in its first year. Sesacash allows cross-currency conversions in Africa. Seeds is an experiment in regenerative money that incentivizes people to behave in environmentally-friendly ways. And, finally, Murmur, a blockchain-based social network, recently switched from EOS to Telos to take advantage of lower-cost transactions.

Telos lacks the profile of some of the other top smart contract platforms, but its feature-rich network and commitment to governance could give it an edge over the long run. 

The network aligns itself with what it sees as a future economy built on interconnected smart contracts governed by its users. In the words of whitepaper author Douglas Horn:

“The dApps coming to Telos or emerging from our own Telos Works incubator are leveraging the massive speed and capacity, functional governance, and unique tools available to any dApp on Telos, like the Telos Decide governance engine. A significant portion of developers has also expressed to us that the ethos of Telos as a truly decentralized, egalitarian, and forward-thinking platform that has managed to build itself and foster other projects without an ICO or centralized ownership is an important area of alignment with their own aims.”

EOS

Founder: Dan Larimer, (now CTO of Block.one)

Date of creation: EOS was launched in January 2018.

Token: EOS

One-liner: EOS is a dPoS blockchain based on EOSIO software. It is also a top smart contract platform.

The EOS blockchain protocol is powered by the EOS token, which has consistently ranked in the top ten in terms of market cap since its launch in January 2018. Fueled by a record-setting $4 billion ICO, the EOS network emulates computing resources, including CPU, GPU, and RAM, all of which are supported by EOS token holders.

Larimer developed the delegated Proof-of-Stake (dPoS) consensus mechanism, whereby EOS token holders vote 21 block producers (BPs) to operate the network, with standby contenders on notice to assist if required.

Adrianna Mendez of Cypherglass, a founding EOS block producer and paid stand by BP, told Crypto Briefing that:

“EOS continues to showcase the potential of delegated proof of stake. Two years after its launch, it’s the most used and fastest-growing blockchain in the world. The possibilities for developers are endless.” 

Delegated PoS offers speed and scalability advantages over pure PoS consensus mechanisms. Games and gambling apps dominate the top 20 apps on EOS, although a decentralized exchange, Newdex, boasts daily volumes around $15 million.

Block.one, the company behind the network, also operates a venture capital arm and launched a beta version of Voice in early 2019, a social media network poised to rival Facebook.

Algorand 

Founder: Silvio Micali

Date of creation: Mainnet launched Jun. 5, 2019.

Token: ALGO

One-liner: Algorand aims to build a “trusted, public, and permissionless  infrastructure for the borderless economy.”

The Algorand network is operated by a pure proof-of-stake consensus mechanism with a transaction throughput rivaling large finance and payment networks. It is scalable to manage billions of users. It claims to be the world’s first blockchain to “provide immediate transaction finality without the fear of forks.”

The Singapore-based project attracted $4M in seed funding from Pillar and Union Square Ventures in early 2018. It then landed a second $64 million raise from a broad slate of investors that October. 

Upon Coinbase’s listing of ALGO in 2019, the platform’s native token was argued to be one of the fastest cryptocurrencies on the exchange. 

Steve Kokinos, CEO of Algorand Inc., told Crypto Briefing that:

“Smart contracts need to be scalable and secure. At Algorand we’ve developed smart contracts built directly into Layer-1 to operate securely without compromising scalability or security while maintaining low execution cost. By focusing on simplifying developer experiences, Algorand enables real-world use cases like cross-chain atomic transfers and regulated disbursements with rapid confirmation time and immediate finality. These use cases are made possible by our pure proof-of-stake protocol, which was designed from the ground-up to deliver a secure, scalable, and decentralized platform necessary for mainstream adoption of blockchain technology.”

Early in 2020, Tether launched an Algorand version of its stablecoin on the platform, “representing the first significant use of Aglorand’s Standard Asset (ASA) specification.” 

Other significant partnerships include one with World Chess, which intends to conduct a hybrid IPO and STO alongside a listing on the London Stock Exchange. AssetBlock also launched a real estate investment platform on the network in 2019, cementing Algorand’s reputation as a reliable partner for innovative corporate initiatives.

The high-profile smart contract platform has attracted RHOVIT, a gamified content platform, Meld Gold, an Australia-based tokenized golf asset trading network, and the tokenized investment platform, Republic.   

Tezos

Founders: Kathleen & Arthur Breitman

Date of creation: Mainnet launched Sep. 17, 2018.

Token: XTZ

One-liner: Tezos is the innovative brainchild of the Breitmans who wanted to create a self-amending cryptographic ledger.

The Tezos Foundation began the Tezos project with a lucrative ICO in 2017, raising some $232 million for the Swiss-based non-profit. It soon became embroiled in controversy, with a dispute between the Breitmans, who owned the IP, and Johann Gevers, the foundation’s president and the one in control of the project’s funds.

The resultant delayed launch saw investors sue the project as confidence faded. Intended as a network that boasted unrivaled governance processes, internal governance itself had become an issue.

Despite its tumultuous start, the network was finally launched in 2018. Its governance processes were indeed innovative. With decision-making processes baked into the system, protocol upgrades proposed by developers are approved by stakeholders. Once approved, the developer is paid.

The process incentivizes decentralized development and improvements. The on-chain governance properties of the network extend to its Proof of Stake mechanism, with token stakers known as bakers earning rewards for securing the network. 

As Alison Mangiero, president and co-founder of TQ Tezos told Crypto Briefing:

“In Tezos, we already see widespread participation because unlike in proof of work and other stake networks, all stakeholders can help to secure the network (via baking or delegating), and avoid being diluted by inflation (of course all stakeholders can also participate in network upgrades by evaluating, proposing, or approving amendments to the protocol itself).”

Its protocol also allows Bitcoin and Ethereum to be represented on the network. As the whitepaper states, “Tezos can instantiate any blockchain-based ledger.” 

 From a hyped ICO to legal dramas and finally, a blockchain network lauded for its innovation and governance properties, Tezos has become one of the top smart contract platforms in the industry.

AVA Labs

Founders: Emin Gün Sirer, Kevin Sekniqi, Maofan Ted Yin

Date of Creation: 2018, still in the testnet phase. Planned to launch mainnet this summer (July).

Asset: AVA

One-liner: A more malleable version of Ethereum that allows users total control at all stacks of the technology. 

Another top smart contract’s platform, the AVA blockchain and its creators, AVA LAbs, have attracted top investors from throughout the crypto space. Like many of the “Ethereum Killers,” founders of the project are aiming Ethereum’s significant flaws. These flaws have primarily been user control over the production process and scalability. 

In an interview with the co-founder of AVA Labs, Kevin Sekniqi told Crypto Briefing that AVA offers users three tiers of control. “First, there’s the network layer, the middle layer, which would be the actual blockchain or virtual machine, and then there’s the application layer,” he said. He added:

“AVA will support multiple smart contract languages and formats, but at launch it has complete support for the Ethereum Virtual Machine, and all of the tools that have fueled DeFi’s growth to-date, including MetaMask, Web3.js, MyEtherWallet, Remix, Truffle Suite, and more.”

Such customizability allows builders to take control of all dimensions of development. It also offers programmers and entrepreneurs new avenues of exploration. 

Top Smart Contract Platforms: Comparison of Throughput per Blockchain
Source: AVA Labs

Any novel experiments on this top smart contract platform would be scalable from day one too. That’s because AVA is leveraging a novel consensus mechanism called Avalanche. 

Designed in 2018, Avalanche boasts an estimated 4,500 transactions per second, making it one of the most scalable blockchains in the ecosystem. 

Unfortunately, the project lacks the same community as Etheruem and other more established crypto projects. This dynamic is not unusual; Ethereum has long been the most attractive platform for builders. This activity can be seen in the sheer number of projects that spring up almost every week. 

Ethereum’s dominance hasn’t deterred Sekniqi, however. He said: 

“On our testnet we have more than 700 full block producers actively staking and participating in the consensus protocol. These are full nodes, the highest-level of participants in the system. Further, since launching AVA-X, our accelerator for developers, in April, we’ve fielded hundreds of grant applications and awarded grants for projects like an end-to-end testing suite, atomic swaps, payments and remittances, and infrastructure.”

Further, the backing from names like Andressen Horowitz, Polychain and other VC firms, could see some developers leave Ethereum for newer horizons. AVA Labs is making this transition easier, too, by building a friendly-fork of Ethereum on AVA called “Athereum.” 

The fork would resemble many of the features of Ethereum 2.0 but is unlikely to replace efforts towards an improved Ethereum. Like many of the projects on this list, AVA’s viability hinges on reaching a critical mass of developers before ETH 2.0 is launched. 

Fortunately, it appears AVA Labs still have some time to make this happen. At the time of press, the first of four phases will be rolled out in 2021, according to ConsenSys.

Cardano 

Founder: Charles Hoskinson

Date of Creation: 2017

Asset: ADA

One-liner: A multi-tiered blockchain project building out a PoS consensus mechanism capable of hosting smart contracts, dApps, as well as offering users a store of value. The smart contract platform is slated to launch later in 2020.

Charles Hoskinson is one of the founders of Ethereum. In 2014, shortly before the network launched, he left due to disagreements with how the project was structured. Instead of being a fully open source project, Hoskinson was interested in seeking venture capital and creating a for-profit company using the technology. 

He then helped found IOHK, Input Output Hong Kong, a company that brought together various academics and engineers to build enterprise-grade blockchains. The targeted clients included government entities and large corporations. They attracted such customers and ultimately began focusing on Cardano in 2015 as a product of the group’s research. 

Built using a coding language called Haskell, Cardano embraces the Proof of Stake PoS) consensus mechanism “because it adds a mechanism to introduce secure voting, has more capacity to scale, and permits more exotic incentive schemes.”

Cardano has technically been in the wild since 2017 via the launch of its first iteration called Byron. This “era,” as the team calls it, ushered in the Daedalus wallet for desktop and a light client called Emurgo. The network is currently transitioning into its next era called Shelley

Shelley will bring about Cardano’s PoS mechanism and lay the foundation for implementing smart contracts, according to the project. Cardano’s smart contracts will be written in another language called Plutus, which is available for review here

Aparna Jue, Cardano’s product director, told Crypto Briefing that:

“Haskell is recognized not only at a developer level but at an academic level too, due to its mixture of academic and industry-grade talent with credentials in computer science. This means that our smart contracts will be safer and more reliable than smart contracts on other languages, as Plutus has been thoroughly tested and documented to ensure it is of the utmost security. Smart contracts on the Cardano blockchain will also allow for every party to have full visibility of the contract’s exact details, whilst making it virtually impossible for any individual to act in an adverse way.”

It should be noted, however, that Cardano developments have been slow to materialize with the team, often delaying many of its deadlines. For now, there is limited information available regarding the release of Plutus and the Cardano-based smart contract platform. Jue added:

“We are currently putting together a roadmap of features and functionality that will be released in a controlled rollout manner for the developer community to test and provide feedback, as product development refines and iterates, come Q3/Q4. More details will be released when available.

Cosmos

Founders: Jae Kwon and Ethan Buchman

Date of Creation: 2016

Asset: ATOM

One-liner: Cosmos is a far-reaching project that seeks to add a communication layer between various blockchains. Although it’s primary focus is interoperability, it also enjoys robust smart contract functionality. 

Cosmos is a set of blockchain-based tools that have been developed to help engineers build scalable blockchains. The advantage over Ethereum is in Cosmos’ improved customizability and ease. Instead of having to build all layers of a network from scratch, engineers need only focus on the application layer. 

Examining the three primary Cosmos tools will help clarify this process. Before Cosmos launched, Jae Kwon developed Tendermint BFT. It bundles the networking and consensus layer into one single platform. This means that builders needn’t reinvent the wheel and can, instead, focus on building their blockchain project. 

ABCI is a socket that allows developers to work in whichever programming language they are most comfortable with.

Top Smart Contract Platforms: Cosmos SDK Diagram
Source: Cosmos

As with many next-generation technologies, Cosmos is faster and more secure than many of its predecessors. It can handle thousands of transactions per second and boasts instant finality. 

The team behind Cosmos has also built the Cosmos SDK and the Interblockchain Communication Protocol (IBC). 

The SDK is a framework that offers engineers an easy way to manage staking, scaling, and interoperability functions. This framework isn’t exclusive to Cosmos, either. Any consensus mechanism that includes the ABCI socket can also tap the Cosmos SDK.

Finally, the IBC allows this collection of tools to interact with any other network, including Bitcoin and Ethereum. To make the transition for Ethereum developers easier, the Cosmos team has also built Ethermint. It offers many of the same tools and features as Ethereum but is built on Tendermint. 

For those building smart contracts with Cosmos, there are many differences. Sam Hart, a member of the Interchain GmbH, told Crypto Briefing: 

Inter Blockchain Communication and Agoric’s smart contract architecture both use an ‘object capability’ model, which defines the way a contract, address, or anything else can interact with each other. These capabilities are to be defined explicitly, meaning developers must elect to give an entity in the system particular privileges, for instance moving money around, changing the membership of a group, etc. This model follows a ‘principle of least authority,’ which is the inverse of how most smart contracts are written, where access is granted by default. The result is far greater encapsulation, both from the standpoint of program logic and security —meaning that programs written in this paradigm should be far more composable and securely reusable.”

As one can see, Cosmos is rallying together a large community of developers to create a TCP/IP-like network of blockchains.

The interoperable parts could include networks like Bitcoin as well as more modern iterations down the line. In terms of its smart contract functionality, it offers the same experience as Etheruem while also improving flexibility. 

Agoric

Founders: Mark S. Miller, Brian Warner, Bill Tulloh, and Dean Tribble

Date of Creation: 2018, mainnet TBA.

Asset: N/A

One-liner: Agoric is backed by highly-experienced engineers who helped work on some of the very first smart contracts long before blockchain technology existed. 

Like many of the competitors found in this guide, Agoric is building improvements that Ethereum failed to adopt. Founder Dean Tribble told Crypto Briefing: 

“We love Ethereum, which has had enormous success in combining the power of smart contracts with the integrity of blockchain execution. However, some of its strengths for early growth are real issues for large-scale, mainstream adoption, in particular with security: we believe existing security models don’t satisfactorily prevent theft of data or money.“

Agoric plans to solve this security issue by making the programming language as easy to deploy and audit as possible. 

This is where the team’s rich experience with one of the world’s most popular programming languages, Javascript, comes in handy. This approach offers composability between modules and, thanks to an integration with Tendermint, interoperability between blockchains. 

The project’s current iteration, called Zoe, offers yet another degree of safety. This framework helps users and developers ensure that they are receiving the goods or services they paid for when interacting with a smart contract. It is like a waiting room for blockchain transactions. Users send their “offer” for a specified transaction to this waiting room. Only once the conditions of this transaction are met, do the funds get released. 

Concluding, Agoric’s value proposition is that the top smart contract platforms should be easy to build for most developers. After that, developments are focused on maintaining security throughout a contract’s operations. 

A Final Word on the Top Smart Contract Platforms

Smart contracts are one of the more exciting fields within the blockchain ecosystem. And although Etheruem currently dominates developer activity, this may change in the future. 

As this list has shown, many projects are looking to attract programmers to faster and more secure networks. 

Like any business, however, users are the ones who will enjoy the fruits of this competition.

By Liam Kelly, Sarah Rothrie, Paul de Havilland

以太坊与以太坊经典的区别

很多人都把以太坊Ethereum (ETH)、以太坊经典Ethereum Classic(ETC)混淆,不仅以太坊经典的名字与以太坊相似,而且这两种数字货币在功能上相似的地方也不少。很多人对以太坊经典抱有不小的期待,认为以太坊经典有追赶以太坊的势头。那么,以太坊经典和以太坊有什么联系和区别呢?下面跟随小编一起来好好看看以太坊经典和以太坊的不同点:

以太坊经典和以太坊的前世今生

以太坊是一个分布式的智能合约和分布式自主应用程序DApps平台,目标是成为全球唯一的超级计算机。该网络使用加密货币以太币(ETH),用于构建执行智能合约和DApps平台,不受审查、停机、第三方干预因素干扰。

与以太坊类似,以太坊经典也是去中心化、可编程的区块链平台,具有开源、公开特点的智能合约平台。

以太坊经典和以太坊的相同点

ETC和ETH是在区块高度1,920,000时分叉的。分叉之后,这两者从技术角度上几乎是相互兼容的。在以太坊上面部署的智能合约绝大部分都同样能够部署在以太经典上。Truffle和Zeppelin等开发工具也是通用的。

以太坊经典和以太坊的不同点

ETH决定通过“回滚”的方式获得支持,相当一部分的矿工、用户和老版本的以太坊协议都迁移到了这条新链上。

ETC坚决秉承去中心化、不可篡改的区块链核心原则,在ETC区块链上任何交易都会如约执行,不为第三方权威机构所左右。

ETC的大发行量在2.1 – 2.3亿个之间。而ETH目前还没有设定大发行量(这个发行量可以随时改变)。

以太坊正在从POW工作量证明转向POS权益证明,而以太经典仍然坚持去中心化的POW工作量证明。

ETH目前市值为2700亿美元,而ETC市值仅为47亿美元。

关于区块链的可变性

ETH——假如大部分人同意修改链条(也就是可变性),那么就可以修改区块链记录和合约

ETC——区块链记录和合约不可修改(也就是不可篡改性)

下面是关于两种方法的利弊

可变性的好处是人们可以适时地改变以做出正确的决定。因此,修改规范比找漏洞更实用。

不可修改性是人们不管当时有多聪明,但也不可能会不出错。因此,应对此方案出现问题的时候,最好是通过现有的法律框架来寻找和解决漏洞。

关于发展的不同

ETH——不管是有意安排或者从诞生就如此,区块链核心决策都是在社区的参与下由以太坊基金会制定并大部分由它开发。

ETC——区块链的决策主要是通过三个松散的、有协作关系的团队在社区参与下得到反馈而决定的。

在任何情况下,任何人都可以为两种区块链提出改进建议。这正是开源之好处,也是很常见的。你会发现,这两条链的开发人员通过Github和Reddit来相互沟通。我希望为了实现共同目标,提高沟通和交流的频率。

关于兼容性

目前,这两种区块链都相互兼容。ETH写的合约(或应用程序)可以在ETC上应用,反之亦然。

ETH——专注于eWASM,致力于为越来越多的开发者提供平台。而对于合约安全性的问题是次要的(例如:Viper)

ETC——专注于让开发者创造出更安全的合约(例如:Viper,IOHK研究),代价是消耗潜在的开发者人数。

很明显,这两条链都可以互相接纳。不管它们的意愿是否相同。我的看法是,开发人员的数量并不一定与产品的质量挂钩。

关于交易速度

ETH——平均25秒。升级之后会缩短。

ETC——平均14秒。升级之后维持在10-14秒(根据ECIP-1010 和 ECIP-1036协议)

关于区块容量

ETH——随着ETH日交易量逐渐达到5百万,区块容量日渐饱和,这种情况跟最近比特币的交易费用问题类似,这个问题可以通过对区块扩容得到解决(通过增加默认的燃料限制)

ETC­——目前区块容量还有很大空间。随着越来越多的人接受ETC,区块容量也会随着增加,跟ETH一样。

关于货币政策

ETH——计划供应稳步增长,导致ETH区块链在生命周期里平均有3%的通货膨胀。

ETC——2025年之前,通货膨胀达到3%,届时总供应量将达到2亿ETC。之后会通货紧缩。

关于证券

ETH——目前投资者没有交易证券的选择权。最近ETH的一个ETF(交易型开放式指数基金)产品被监管层否定了。

ETC——拥有ETC交易信托基金,该基金允许投资者拥有ETC,而不用拥有这个资产本身。

2020年6 月 1 日,以太经典网络成功实施了 Phoenix 硬分叉,通过此次硬分叉升级,ETC 和 ETH 在技术上保持完全一致。

即便如此 ETC 还是和 ETH 在某些点上有所区别,我们今天要说的一点是 ETC 的货币政策。

以太坊经典货币政策

以太坊经典(ETC)的货币政策寻求与比特币类似的目标。但是,ETC 的模型并不是那么简单,因为 ETC 添加了智能合约功能。这意味着它包含一个 EVM,一种编程语言,一个 gas 系统以及每约 15 秒钟而不是 10 分钟更快地创建一个块。

由于上述原因,我们最好分 8 个部分解释以太坊经典的货币政策:

1. 预挖

ETC 的不同之处在于,为了推出以太坊,其创始人进行了约 6000 万美元的预售(ETC 当时与 ETH 同链),以资助 2014 年到 2015 年之间约一年半的开发和发布阶段。开发人员还发放了约 1200 万 ETC,以奖励创始人,团队中的其他合作者以及一些局外人。

总而言之,在 2015 年 7 月 30 日(任何采矿之前)的创世区块的发行总额为 72,009,990ETC。该总数通常称为“ 预挖”

2. 时代

在 The DAO 事件发生前(ETC 和 ETH 还是统一的链),ETC 没有发行上限,但是在 2017 年 12 月 11 日,以太坊经典生态系统对网络进行了升级。

这建立了一个新的确定性的货币政策,每 500 万个区块有一个上限和一个“时代”系统。假设出块时间为 15 秒,这些时代的持续时间大约为 2.38 年。

时代描述如下:

时代 1:

前 5,000,000 个区块是根据原始货币政策制定的,其中包括奖励矿工每区块 5 ETC 的区块奖励,4.30375 ETC 的叔块奖励以及鼓励 0.15625 ETC 最多 2 个叔块的奖励。

在这种情况下,单个块将获得 5 个 ETC,如果包括 2 个叔叔块的限制,则将支付额外的(0.15625 + 4.375) x 2 = 9.0625,总计 14.0625ETC。

这个第一个纪元于 2017 年 12 月 11 日结束,ETC 发行总量为 98,491,770,其中包括预开采的 72,009,990,区块奖励的 25,000,000 和叔叔区块的奖励 1,481,780。

在此期间,平均年化通胀率为 14.08%。

时代 2:

第二个 5,000,000 区块将在 2020 年 3 月 15 日左右以 10,000,000 号区块结束。第二个时代将大块奖励从 5 个 ETC 更改为 4 个,而大叔块奖励和大块矿工奖励分别设置为 0.125 的相同水平。

上面的意思是,单块开采的区块获得 4 ETC,并且当添加 2 个叔块的限制时,奖励增加了(0.125 + 0.125) x 2 = 0.50,总计 4.50ETC。

到这个时代结束时,根据 5.4% 的叔块出块率,估计将有 118,559,270 ETC 的存量,其中包括上一个时代结束时的 98,491,770,再加上 2000 万的区块奖励,再加上 67,500 的叔叔块奖励。

该时代的年平均通货膨胀率估计约为 8.12%。

时代 3+:

从第 3 时代开始,所有的区块奖励将减少 20%。也就是说,从区块 10,000,001 开始,新的区块奖励将是 3.20 ETC,在下一个时代开始于区块 15,000,001,它将是 2.56 ETC,依此类推。

包括叔块奖励在内的激励将获得相同的折扣,每个块最大限制为 2 个叔叔。

以太坊经典与以太坊哪里不同(一)——货币政策

以太坊经典货币政策的前 51 个时代,从 2015 的创世区块开始至 2136 年,共计 121 年。每个时代 5,000,000 个区块相当于约 2.38 年。资料来源:ECIP-1017 和 Etherplan。

从表中可以看出,类似于比特币,ETC 年化通胀率从一开始就显著下降,并且在 2025 和 2036 年之间发生的第 4 和第 9 时代之间,通胀率从约 4%降至不到 1%,与黄金相比,这是一个较低的库存与流动比率。从那时起,年化通货膨胀率持续下降,直到在第 33 个时代(2033 年)到达 0 为止。

值得注意的是,就总存量而言,到 2074 年发生的第 25 时代,ETC 将达到 198,355,440,非常接近其上限,估计约为 199,000,000。到 51 代 255,000,000 区块(估计发生在 2136 年)时,存量将为 198,827,838,在 62 年中仅有小幅增长。

作为“硬性上限”,如果发生极端且不太可能的情况,以太坊经典矿工在所有区块中都包括 2 个叔块,那么最大供应量约为 211,000,000。这种设计选择试图与比特币的 2100 万 BTC 硬上限相提并论,但要乘以 10。

3. 区块奖励

对工作量证明(PoW)区块中的区块奖励的理解是,发现满足协议设置的难度级别的哈希的矿工将获得该区块的奖励。但是,在比特币中,有时会同时发现一个以上的块并将其分布在整个网络中。发生这种情况时,网络节点和矿工将继续在两个区块上构建,直到一个或另一个首先被取代,并成为“最长”或“最重”的 PoW 链。特别是在比特币中,发生这种情况的规则是“丢失”的区块变为“旧块”并且不获得任何奖励。

在以太坊经典中,由于以更高的频率创建块,因此同时生成多个有效块的可能性更高。ETC 中的规则是同时奖励稳定的块,这些块被称为“叔块”。

4. 奖励增加叔块

为了让叔块被包含在网络中并实际支付其相应的奖励,获胜的块生产者必须在传播它们的块时自愿将其包括在内。为了鼓励陈旧块的传播,需要支付少量费用。

包含在 ETC 中的叔块的奖励费用也由上述时代决定:该费用在第 1 时代是 0.15625 ETC,在第 2 时代是 0.125,然后在从第 3 时代开始的每个随后的时代中,折扣均为 20%。。

5. 每块最多叔块

为了限制发行,以太坊经典货币政策不仅为叔块提供了降价时间表,而且还将陈旧的块包含在主链中,每个获胜块最多允许 2 个叔块。

6. 叔块奖励

关于叔块的具体奖励,每个时代的水平在第 1 时代为 4.375 ETC,在第 2 时代为 0.125,然后在每个随后的所有块中,它们的折扣均为 20%。

7. 叔块封锁率

叔块率是任何给定时间网络中叔块的比率。例如,如果在时代 1 的前 100 个 ETC 区块中,包含并奖励了 6 个叔块,则意味着叔块率为 6%。

以上还意味着 ETC 的发行量更高,因为不仅常规矿工获得了 5 x 100 = 500 ETC 的奖励,而且他们得到了奖励,并且由于包括 6 个叔块而获得了额外的 0.15625 x 6 = 0.9375 ETC,并且叔块生产者得到了 4.375 x6= 26.25ETC 的奖励。结果是,由于包含叔块,此示例中的总发行量从 500 ETC 增加到 527.1875ETC。

本文使用的实际叔块封禁率估算值为 5.4%,这是 ECIP-1017 的作者 MatthewMazur 所使用的预测,这是用于更改以太坊经典货币政策的规范。

8. 每块奖励折扣

如本文所述,对 ETC 的原始货币政策进行了调整,以紧密模仿比特币供应时间表的目标。为了实现这一目标,不仅在第 2 时代将区块奖励,叔块奖励和叔块包容性奖励下调,而且在第 3 时代及以后,将逐个时代地将其递减 20%,直到最终完全消失。

如果叔块率保持在 5.4%左右,上述规定的作用是建立一个大约 199,000,000 ETC 的上限,或者如果极端和不太可能的情况——完全叔块分配的情况发生,则硬上限大约为 211,000,000 ETC。

供应和通货膨胀

下表显示了以太坊经典货币政策的上述八个组成部分的最终供给和年度通胀率演变:

以太坊经典与以太坊哪里不同(一)——货币政策

ETC__年通货膨胀率显着下降,长期而言,该上限接近 199,000,000。资料来源:ECIP-1017 和 Etherplan 研究。

__

__

从上面可以看出,ETC 的发行和存量——流通模式与比特币非常相似,因此也是稳健和最小化信任的货币政策。

结论

区块链的目的是使信任最小化,因此,鉴于现代货币的普遍不令人满意的历史(尤其是由中央银行和政府管理的情况下),该目标的关键组成部分是使货币政策最少依赖于人类主观性来保护人们的财产、权利并防止摊薄。

遵循此前提,以太坊经典的供应时间表是机械的,算法化的,并且有上限,以确保其货币的稳健性。

By 链闻

Published
Categorized as 以太坊

消失的算力,二手矿机的骗局

最近,我收到一位朋友的咨询,让我发现了一种新型骗局。之后的几天,我又发现有三位朋友中招,他们的被骗经历和骗子的手法极其相似,都是在某二手交易平台上购买矿机,都是正常挖矿一周后算力突然消失,很可能是同一伙骗子所为。

奇怪的故障

这天,某A向我咨询,他购买的20台显卡矿机,突然都不能挖矿了。

具体故障表现为:矿池显示矿机掉线。

▼由于长时间没有算力,某A向我咨询时,矿机已经显示为失效了。

帮助过颇多小白的我,还是有一定经验的,我让他用手感受下矿机出风口的温度。

▼这是正常挖矿的功耗

▼这是空载时的功耗

可以发现,矿机如果不在挖矿的话,显卡的功耗会明显降低,出风口应该基本感受不到温度。

某A很快给了我答复,出风口是热的,和之前没有区别。

显然,矿机是在工作的。

既然机器在工作,那就可以直接排除网络和矿池的原因。

因为如果和矿池的连接出了问题,挖矿软件会停止挖矿,显卡功耗也会降低。

似乎只有一个可能的解释:机器被黑了,算力被切到了别人的地址上。

既然是系统被黑了,保险起见,最好的办法就是重装一下。

经验告诉我,一个被黑的系统,重装是最省时省力的办法,鬼知道黑客会搞什么幺蛾子,矿机又没有数据要保留。

在我的指导下,某A成功安装挖矿专用系统。

之后,让我一脸懵逼的事儿来了,居然检测不到显卡!!

▼后台没有识别到任何显卡

一台能插8卡的矿机,主板一定会使用各种奇技淫巧来增加PCIE插槽。

常见的方法有:PCIE交换机、带宽降低到1x、协议使用PCIE 2.0等等,兼容性和稳定性确实一般,偶尔丢一两张卡是很常见的。

但是,能把8张卡都给丢了的,我真是第一次见到。


转机

某A和我折腾了好几个小时,一筹莫展。

就在我几乎打算放弃远程调试,打算让某A把机器寄给我时,某A抱怨了一句:热死了。

这句话点醒了我,我又让某A检查了下出风口的温度,依然是热的。

似乎机器还在挖矿,可是明明连显卡都识别不到。

索性直接让某A把矿机关机,但是依然保持电源打开,过了一会儿,某A检查出风口,居然还是热的。

这就有点儿奇怪了不是?

一不做二不休,不管机器上的防拆贴,我直接让某A找来螺丝刀,拆机。

这一拆不要紧,真是让人大吃一惊。

机器里只有一个小小的工控板,几根电热丝,一个小小的电源,还有一些砖头,机箱两侧是暴力风扇。

▼此处某A不同意使用他的矿机图片,请根据此示意图自行脑补画面。

不用说,某A被骗了。

不得不说,骗子的想象力还是很丰富的。

机箱里的砖头是配重用的,电热丝显然是用来产生热量,让你以为机器在工作。

工控板里刷个系统,再配个电源,齐活。


不解

某A认为他已经足够小心了,走的是二手交易平台,并且正常挖了一周才确认收货的。

很早以前就有一种骗局,骗你购买云算力或者所谓的“矿机”,其实根本就不能挖矿,只能连接骗子提供的所谓“矿池”,上面给你显示点儿算力,每天给你打点儿币,说是挖矿收益。

算力只是骗子搭建的网站上的数字,收益其实是骗子从你买云算力或者矿机的币中拿出一点儿转给你的。

等上当受骗的人足够多了,骗子就卷款跑路,这类骗局最著名的当属“蜗牛星际”。

其实这种骗局很容易识破,只要你要求必须能在第三方矿池挖矿,就可以了。

第三方矿池会公正地显示算力,显然这种骗局中并没有真实算力,因此可以识破。

某A是知道这种骗局的,因此他强调必须要在F2Pool能够显示算力,并且收益要是F2Pool支付的,这至少能保证算力是真实存在的。

经过我的检查,某A收到的收益,确确实实是从F2Pool的地址支付的,可以在链上查到,并且也能在F2Pool上查到相关挖矿记录。

所以,算力是真实存在的,如假包换。

但是,机箱里的这些东西,是不可能产生算力的,到底算力从何而来呢?

某A再三确认,这些机器收到后没有任何其他人碰过,不存在被调包的可能。

我决定仔细研究一番。

由于这台机器已经重装过系统,我让某A又找来另一台机器。


揭秘

经过一番排查,我还真找到了猫腻,不由让我赞叹,这骗子太聪明了。

▼这是常用的以太坊挖矿工具lolMiner是吧,我一开始也是这么认为的。

▼查看一下它的大小,居然只有48个字节,要知道正常的lolMiner的可执行文件应该在8MB左右。

▼查看下内容,这个lolMiner居然是个脚本。

大家是怎么启动挖矿的呢?使用这行命令对吧:

./lolMiner.exe –algo ETHASH –pool 矿池地址 –user 钱包地址.矿机名

因为这台机器上的lolMiner并不是真实的挖矿程序,而是个脚本,上面的命令行参数会补全到脚本里。

最终执行的其实是这个命令:

ssh mos@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx “~/lolminer/lolMiner” –algo ETHASH –pool 矿池地址 –user 钱包地址.矿机名

这个命令的功能是什么呢?

远程登录http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx这台机器,在远程的机器上执行挖矿程序lolMiner,并把程序的输出传输到本地显示,挖矿其实是在骗子手里的真矿机上进行的。

骗子还很贴心地配置了ssh私钥免密码登陆,真真正正地做到了与真实的lolMiner操作没有区别。

估计看到这里,没一定技术基础的朋友一定晕了,没关系,我们画张图,理顺下。

▼正常的挖矿

▼某A的“矿机”

看出区别了吗?

其实真正在挖矿的是骗子手里的真矿机,某A手里的假矿机只不过是给真矿机发了个指令,这也是为什么骗子手里的真矿机能知道某A的挖矿账号的原因。

骗子手里的那些真矿机会把挖矿日志传回来,显示在某A手里的假矿机上,看起来假矿机是在挖矿。

因为骗子手里的真矿机在某A的地址上挖矿,所以矿池有显示,并会支付收益。

因此,某A会以为手上的这台假矿机在挖矿。

沉甸甸的砖头做配重,风扇吹出热乎乎的风,配合上不断跳动的挖矿日志,如假包换的矿池算力显示,还有真金白银的收益,真是完美的骗局!


无奈

一句话,小白矿工,真的太苦了,才出虎穴又入狼窝。

如果说“假矿池”这种坑还可以躲避的话,小白很难避免受到这种“假矿机真算力”骗局的欺骗。

从某A发给我的聊天截图来看,骗子是那么的真诚,耐心指导,消息秒回。

骗子在某二手平台上的信用分也很高,销售矿机的价格又是那么的优惠,比行情价低了两千多。

机器到手后,上面都是防拆贴,你拆了,人家名正言顺地说是你调包,不退不换。

今天是砖头,也许拆了能看出来,明天要是换成报废的显卡呢?你从外观真看不出来。

今天这个脚本只有几十KB,如果下次人家编译一个大小差不多的二进制文件呢?

除了逆向工程,否则你真没办法知道这个程序是不是真的在用你的矿机挖矿,显然不是小白的能力范围。

就算你刷了自己的系统,人家一句只兼容提供的系统,你也没话说。

毕竟,矿机配置千奇百怪,系统不兼容需要额外调试也是很正常的。

你只有10天时间,只要忽悠你10天,钱就到骗子手里了,人家可以直接关了真矿机跑路。

卖给某A矿机的这个骗子,现在就已经消失了,消息不回,电话不接,连地址都是假的。


启示

在这个浮躁的环境下,所有人都幻想着一夜暴富,骗子利用的正是这点。

当你觉得有利可图的时候,请务必问自己三个问题:

  1. 你赚的钱是哪里来的?
  2. 你相比于其他人,有什么优势,为什么是你赚别人的钱而不是反过来?
  3. 你真的了解你所投资的东西吗?

如果某A不是过于自信,而是更多地了解一下矿圈,或者在大量拿货之前,先拿一两台试试,又或者是找一个第三方来检查下矿机,是不是就不会被骗了呢?

很多朋友加我的微信第一句话:李老师有没有什么群可以让我学习一下?

这让我想起了我小时候,练习题买了一大堆,似乎买了你就会了,就能考高分了。

加一大堆乱七八糟的群,真的有用吗?

我们生活在一个信息过载的时代,你需要做的是从海量的垃圾信息中,寻找真实和有用的信息,而不是浸泡在更多垃圾信息里幻想自己也是牛人。

有巨大价值的信息,会出现在几百人个陌生人组成的群里吗?

就算是一个本来有价值的信息,出现在这种群里之后,还有价值吗?

商业的本质就是信息差,众所周知周知的信息,哪里还有信息差可言?哪里还有价值呢?

更别说群里各种骗局横生,某A就是在群里结识的骗子,继而被骗的。

By 李明阳

Complete Guide to Decentralized Exchange (DEX)

Cryptocurrencies and decentralized technologies are booming. The numbers speak for themselves — market capitalizations have gone through the roof, transaction volume has skyrocketed, and adoption from individuals, corporations, and governments has reached a global scale.

Thanks to blockchain technology, we are moving toward a trustless economy, with no need of third parties to exchange goods. Yet today’s digital currency exchanges are centralized. They have proven to be vulnerable to hacks, to react poorly to unusual blockchain events like hard forks, and often run with a high regulatory risk. Centralized exchanges keep their systems off-chain, meaning they operate as escrows for their clients, and transactions are not recorded on the blockchain. This leads to massive breaches of security and unsafe storage of information, funds, and private keys.

Trading comes with risks, but traders should not face any other risks than those they are already willing to take.

Blockchain entrepreneurs understand this, and some of them are working hard on what many believe will be the future of trading: decentralized exchanges.

Decentralized exchanges — or DEXes — aim to tackle the problems that impede centralized structures by building peer-to-peer marketplaces directly on the blockchain — Ethereum mostly — allowing traders to remain custodian of their funds. However, building a fully decentralized and efficient exchange remains today something of an utopia. Exchanges are centralized because it is the simplest way to proceed, and it is either too costly or technically complex to build fully decentralized platforms — for now, at least.

Throwbacks and inefficiencies of centralized exchanges leave the model with only few advantages. Many semi-decentralized exchanges are coming into action. They are hybrid models between centralized and decentralized marketplaces, trying to deliver the best of both worlds. There is an increasing number of such exchanges, following up on a need expressed by the crypto-community.

This “state of decentralized exchanges” begins with major cryptocurrency numbers and centralized exchanges, which currently monopolize the market. Decentralized exchanges are building the future of cryptocurrencies trading, and this “state” aims to pave its way with its rough listing of projects in the making. We should pay attention to them as they are shaping the way cryptocurrencies trading will operate in the future.

Disclaimer: I am part of VariabL (a derivatives trading platform on Ethereum) and ConsenSys (one of the largest global blockchain specialists).

I. Cryptocurrency Market Overview and the Flaws of Centralized Exchanges
2017 Cryptocurrency market in numbers¹ :

+3400%*=Market cap of cryptocurrencies is experiencing an exponential growth:

From less than $18B to more than $600B in 2017.

Crypto market cap comparison & growth stats.

More than 99% of cryptocurrency transactions go through centralized exchanges.

II. Centralized Exchanges

Let’s first define what centralized exchanges are: platforms and apps that enable traders to buy, sell, and exchange cryptocurrencies against fiat currencies or other cryptocurrencies. They are marketplaces for tokens, and are essential to the ecosystem, since many of them enable payments with fiat currencies , i.e. non-crypto holders are able to buy crypto using USD, EUR, etc.

Among most well-known and trafficked centralized exchanges are Bithumb, Bitfinex, Bittrex, Poloniex, Kraken, GDAX, Coinbase and Gemini. Hundreds already exist, but the goal here is not to focus on their number, but rather on their limitations and potential for improvement.

Centralized crypto-exchanges may soon become obsolete as they lose the opportunity to leverage blockchain technology to improve their capabilities and efficiency.

  • Insecurity, risk of fund loss and thefts due to their centralized functioning. They are legally accountable and a custodian of users’ funds. 73% of centralized exchanges take custody of user funds, while 23% let users control keys⁴. They represent honeypots for hackers as they are responsible for billions of trades per day and store most of them on their servers.
  • A lack of liquidity: large orders struggle to be matched. Even at an all-time-high, volumes remain low (compared to traditional markets).
  • A fragmented (not to say decentralized) market: divides the global liquidity into a few main marketplaces. No clear market leader in terms of volume, which increases the liquidity problem.
Ether Exchange Trading Volume in USD - Source: “State of Blockchain — Q3 2017"by Coindesk
Source: “State of Blockchain — Q3 2017″ by Coindesk
  • A high level of risks for users due to potential performance issues, market manipulation, hardware failures, latency problems, and many other inherent problems when it comes to dealing with large volumes…
  • A lack of trust and transparency: actual costs and processes of trading are opaque and involve high trading costs, often higher than announced fees and higher delays due to peaks of demand badly managed. Plus, they can front-run orders, which is illegal.
  • A lack of educated users: markets are flooded by pure speculators unaware of safe ways to deal with cryptocurrencies.
III. Decentralized Exchanges and Open Protocols

Due to the lack of security, transparency, and efficiency that centralized exchanges have demonstrated, a strong demand for decentralized exchanges have surfaced. Scores of new actors are tackling these problems and addressing an obvious need by the community. Projects like 0x, Ethfinex, ShapeShift.io (not decentralized but not custodian) and EtherDelta have emerged and generated a strong interest.

Decentralized exchanges promises two major benefits: Security & control and global marketplace by Michael Oved (founder of AirSwap Team, a ConsenSys Spoke)

One of the oldest projects in the field is EtherDelta, a platform with a simple user-interface and basic trading features (no margin trading), which has already gained sufficient traction to generate up to 25 million USD-equivalent of daily transactions⁵.

Definition

Decentralized exchanges differ from centralized exchanges as they enable users to remain in control of their funds by operating their critical functions on the blockchain: they leverage the technology behind cryptocurrencies themselves to enable a safer and more transparent trading. It solves the main limitations faced by cryptocurrency markets (see above), since there is no single point of failure, aligning them with what has made the blockchain technology so powerful in the first place.

Most decentralized exchanges are not fully decentralized, but semi-decentralized (full decentralization is today more of an ideal, due to limitations listed hereunder). In most cases, servers (centralized) still host order books (among other features) but do not hold private keys.

Another central aspect is that decentralized exchanges present the characteristics, benefits and limitations, of their underlying blockchain.

Main DEX Benefits
  • Trustless, which means that users’ funds and personal data are safe.
  • Security and privacy are well preserved.
Main DEX Limitations
  • Maintain the same scalability problems as the underlying blockchain.
  • Most are not easily usable, struggle with liquidity, do not provide fiat payments etc.

(more details in a section below)

Decentralized Exchange Mapping
Disclaimers:

This “state of decentralized exchanges” may not be fully exhaustive and did not assess all of those projects’ viability nor teams’ legitimacy. However, an effort has been made towards making an exhaustive mapping. Abandoned or scammy projects might be included. It should be taken with a grain of salt and you should conduct your own due diligence before using or investing in any of those.

  • All the projects below are or contain decentralized exchanges functionalities in their global offers. Many are not limited to exchange services. For the sake of that study, and since there are not (m)any fully decentralized and working exchanges, semi-decentralized exchange will be included.
  • Some exchanges offering advanced financial products such as futures or derivatives like dYdX or VariabL are voluntarily excluded of this benchmark since there is another article in the making for these ones.
  • The vast majority is in production/beta; this report aims to list all of them and assess their current state of development. I included their website and Medium accounts when available, which provide most of projects’ updates.

AirSwap (Airswap blog)

P2P decentralized exchange on Ethereum using the Swap protocol

Altcoin.io (Altcoin.io Exchange)

Decentralized cryptocurrency exchange, powered by Atomic Swaps (Beta on testnet)

Barterdex (by Komodo Platform)

Open source decentralized network doing atomic swaps (in production)

Bancor Protocol (Bancor)

Smart contract based token exchange protocol (Live on the Ethereum MainNet)

Bisq (ex Bitsquare)

Crypto-fiat open-source exchange with a desktop application working via Tor to trade Bitcoins (Live)

Blocknet (TheBlocknet)

Decentralized exchange enabling cryptocurrencies trading and fiat currency gateways through cross-chain atomic swaps and cross-chain data transfers (In production)

Coinffeine:

Decentralized Bitcoin exchange with a “Zero Trust” exchange algorithm (Down)

Catalyst (by Enigma Project)

Investment platform for algorithmic/data-driven trading on crypto-assets without a custodian (in alpha; simulation available)

Etherdelta

The cryptocurrencies fully decentralized exchange market leader for ERC-20 tokens (Live)

Etherex

Open-source decentralized exchange built on Ethereum (last update on April 2016)

Forkdelta

Community-driven open source and forked version of Etherdelta, uses the same orderbook and contract (Live on the Ethereum MainNet)

Gnosis Dutch Exchange (by Gnosis)

Decentralized exchange for ERC-20 tokens based on the Dutch auction principle (in production)

Heat

Real-time asset-to-asset decentralized exchange (MainNet)

Herdius (Herdius blog)

Decentralized exchange focused on scalability and cross-chain interoperability (ICO expected in Q1’2018)

Hodl Hodl (Hodl Hodl)

P2P cryptocurrency exchange on the Bitcoin Testnet (Testnet)

IDEX (by Aurora DAO)

Decentralized exchange that provides instant order placement and execution, free order cancellation, and real-time order book updates. (Live on the Ethereum MainNet)

KyberNetwork (by Loi Luu)

Decentralized exchange and conversion of digital assets, api for payments and derivatives (Demo on Ropsten)

Legolas (Legolas blog)

Hybrid centralized/decentralized exchange targeting market makers (In production, ICO Q1’2018)

Loopring (by Daniel Wang)

Decentralized Exchange for ERC20 and Open Protocol to serve multiple public blockchains (in production)

Lykke

Semi-decentralized exchange for cryptocurrencies and fiats (live, with a centralized model. Will switch to decentralized model in the future)

Mothership (Mothership blog)

Decentralized exchange (in production, ICO raised)

NEX

Decentralized exchange on NEO with an off-chain matching engine including payment services. (in production, trading platform launch expected in Q3’2018)

Next.exchange

Decentralized exchange focused on ICOs with Crypto-pools and community trading (in production, launch expected in January 2018)

Nvo.io

Cross-platform modular / decentralized exchange using the Safenetwork for orders validation (in production, launch expected Q1’2018)

Oasis DEX (by Makerdao)

Decentralized Token Market — on-chain market for all token assets in the Maker registry (live on MainNet)

OmegaOne (Omega One)

Decentralized trade execution platform (a Consensys spoke, in production)

OpenANX

Open sourced and governed decentralized exchange (In production)

Raidex

Decentralized exchange with Raiden off-chain state channel technology (in production)

SingularX (by SingularDTV)

Decentralized peer reviewed trading platform for tokenized intellectual property and ERC-20 tokens (Live Beta)

Stellar Distributed Exchange (by Stellar)

StellarTerm is an open source distributed exchange for the Stellar network. (Live since 2015)

Streamity (Streamity)

Semi-decentralized cryptocurrency exchange with fiat onramps (In production, ICO Q1’2018)

Token Store

Ethereum token exchange built on smart contracts in a semi-decentralized way (Live on the Ethereum MainNet)

Waves (Wavesplatform)

Crypto-platform for asset/custom token issuance, transfer and trading on the Waves blockchain, with centralised order matching and decentralised settlement. (Live since June 2016)

Xchainge (xChainge🙂

Decentralized exchanges of crypto-assets (by Counterparty, Open source platform on the Bitcoin blockchain)

Graphene/Bitshares Decentralized Exchanges:

Graphene is an Open Protocol, see more information below.

Bitshares

Decentralized exchange providing price stable cryptocurrencies and banking services on the blockchain (Live since 2014) [Probably the oldest decentralized exchange sill working]

Blocktrades

Decentralized exchange acting as counterparty (Live)

BTSABC

Decentralized exchange powered by Bitshares and Graphene technology -in Chinese (Beta)

CryptoBridge (CryptoBridge)

Decentralized cryptocurrency exchange with multi-signature federated gateway network (Live Beta)

Cybex (Cybex Decentralized Exchange)

Decentralized exchange system based on the Graphene/EOS Blockchains (Beta)

DEEX Exchange (Deex Ex)

Decentralized exchange with blockchain traded funds and many (Private Beta)

GDEX

Offers a stack of decentralized financial services including exchange and banking on a blockchain (Live)

OpenLedger (OpenLedger)

Decentralized exchange powered by Bitshares and Graphene technology (Demo)

RuDEX

Decentralized exchange powered by Bitshares and Graphene technology — in Russian (Beta)

0x Relayers (0x)

0x is an Open Protocol, see definition below and read https://relayer.network for a great explanation of relayers.

Amadeus

Relayers for dApps looking for liquidity to exchange ERC20 tokens (in production)

DDEX (DDEX)

User-Friendly decentralized exchange for ERC20 tokens (on MainNet)

Decent Ex (DecentEx)

Decentralized exchange for Ethereum tokens (on Kovan TestNet)

Dextroid

Low cost trading and user-friendly exchange on the blockchain. (on Kovan TestNet)

ERC dEX (ERC dEX blog)

Decentralized Exchange with advanced financial tools, available on mobile (Beta on the Ethereum MainNet)

Ethfinex

Community-driven, decentralized trading platform for ERC20 Tokens (live)

IDT Exchange (ex Kin Alpha)

ERC20 decentralized exchange (first relayer to go on the MainNet)

Paradex (Paradex)

Exchange ERC20 tokens with a centralized matching strategy (beta on the MainNet)

RadarRelay (Radar Relay)

0x order book to find and trade any ERC20 token. (live on the MainNet)

The Ocean X (The Ocean X)

0x relayer and liquidity pool for trading Ethereum-based token (Beta)

IV. Open Protocols for Decentralized Exchanges
Definition

Open Protocols are setting up and running decentralized applications (dApps) on a common basis: some are designed especially for decentralized exchanges (ie. 0x), others also seem suited (ie. Omise). Both will be mentioned below.

They create synergies by allowing “anyone” to build their own services on top of them: it fosters innovation and is essential for native dApps to interact with each other. For decentralized exchanges, open protocols present the benefits of creating common pools of liquidity by allowing any project built on top to interact with each others.

0x (0x)

Open protocol for decentralized exchange on the Ethereum blockchain (live with dozens of relayers, dApps on open protocols/projects built)

OpenRelay

Open source relay for the 0x protocol

Lendroid

Open Protocol for Decentralized Lending that Enables Margin Trading and Short Selling of ERC20 Tokens

Enigma Protocol (Enigma Project)

Decentralized exchange protocol supporting cross-chain atomic swaps, providing an open infrastructure and trading tools

Graphene (by Bitshares)

A software platform for deploying decentralized ledgers. Not specifically developed for decentralized exchanges.

OmiseGo (by Omise)

Digital Wallets, P2P exchange & Payments (fiats & cryptos) protocol.

Snowglobe (by Alex Wearn, IDEX & Aurora DAO)

Fully-decentralized exchange protocol; designed for high-performance, EVM-compatible, decentralized child-chain exchanges

Swap Protocol (by AirSwap Team)

Peer-to-peer protocol for trading Ethereum tokens, without orderbooks (to be open in the future)

V. What May Slow Down the Adoption of Decentralized Exchanges?

Security benefits, by allowing users to remain custodian of their funds, seem obvious and emphasized by all these hacks stories. So why everyone is not using them?

Some aspects are slowing down their adoption: Education and Technology.

Education

Users are not aware of:

  • Drawbacks and security issues of Centralized Exchanges
  • Security measures to undertake (how to manage private keys etc.) since it is users’ responsibility
  • Existence of Decentralized Exchanges
  • Advantages of Decentralized Exchanges
Technology
  • Usability: DEX are not user-friendly enough (very solvable problem, linked to early stages of projects)
  • Scalability: Possible blockchain bloat with ethereum network congestion and scaling pressure (with Token sales and a slow gas price adaptation…)
  • Speed: Transactions take time to be validated on blockchains
  • Cost: There is a potential high costs per trade
  • Liquidity: Chicken and the egg problem. Traders do not join because traders are not already on the platform to match their orders; getting liquidity through a large adoption by the ecosystem is a long process.
  • Full decentralization: Some services have to remain off-chain and have to suffer from limitations of centralized infrastructures (ie. onchain orderbook are expensive not efficient enough)
  • Front-running risk: miners can preview transactions, since they validate them, and can have consequences on any DEX (market manipulation)
  • Interoperability: need for cross-chain exchanges, and more blockchains/dapps interoperability for decentralized platforms to interact with each others.
  • Accessibility: Need for fiat integrations and stable tokens for lower volatility.

On the matter, Kyber’s chief executive and co-founder, Loi Luu stated:

“…centralized exchanges are potentially unable to handle large volumes of users, touting decentralized trading platforms as a better alternative. However, decentralized exchanges are not as user-friendly as centralized options, and may not have the funds to support mass trading due to small numbers of users.”6

Conclusion

99% of cryptocurrency transactions still go through centralized exchanges; this trend is expected to be reversed in the coming years. Switching to decentralized exchanges is necessary for cryptocurrency users to exploit their full potential, aligning with the decentralized nature of blockchain itself. Education is arriving, and most technological hurdles we face today will probably be overcome very soon.

Differences between projects’ value propositions are hard to spot in this field, and most of them will probably not exist in a close future. However, the trend towards decentralized exchanges is clearly evident.

Centralized exchanges will shift toward decentralized technologies sooner rather than later, but improvements have to come from both sides. Users to learn how to protect themselves, and platforms must provide better security tools, as well as education around common issues and best practices.

“Ultimately, I believe that centralized and decentralized exchanges will co-exist as they each provide their own unique benefits,” says Linda Xie, who sums up the situation pretty well (talking about 0x). Will Warren (0x Co-Founder) goes even one step further by stating that “centralized exchanges will continue to play a critical role in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, because they offer fiat on/off-ramps.” This is one function that fully decentralized exchanges, by definition, do not allow.

If some factors are slowing down adoption, the above-mentioned open protocols (for decentralized exchanges) are fostering development by lowering entry barriers to their implementation and adoption. 0x is probably among the best projects working on the matter. However, even the 0x protocol may suffer from problems like efficiency and scalability, which still represent massive hurdles for the whole blockchain, Ethereum and exchange ecosystem. Solutions in the making, such as State Channels, or Sharding/Plasma, will allow scaling, albeit with certain sacrifices.

From a wider perspective, decentralized exchange adoption will follow the adoption of the (Ethereum) blockchain itself, alongside better educated users and technological breakthroughs. As mentioned, centralized/decentralized hybrid models will most likely get their break first. Fully decentralized exchanges remain an ideal, towards which most of those projects are aiming.

Some questions remain: does everyone want to take care of their own private keys? Probably not, but they should at least have the choice. Friction for new users switching from centralized exchanges to decentralized ones also remain a big hurdle; even the process of switching represents a considerable effort for most users…

vinny tweet

Is the switch is going to happen any time soon? People like Vinny Lingham(Civic) say that some centralized exchanges will soon close, and think this will accelerate the adoption of decentralized exchanges.

If the causes and triggers are matters of debate, we can hardly argue that decentralized exchanges are and will continue to grow as a hot topic of 2018 and potentially an essential pillar of the blockchain ecosystem.

Footnotes:

  • https://coinmarketcap.com
  • https://localethereum.com/ belongs to another type of cryptocurrencies marketplaces not mentioned here but also trending: local P2P token market places. Other examples: https://localbitcoins.com/fr/ or Dether
  • https://blog.localethereum.com/centralised-exchanges-are-terrible-at-holding-your-money/. More hack stories hacks stories: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=576337
  • “GLOBAL CRYPTOCURRENCY BENCHMARKING STUDY” Dr Garrick Hileman & Michel Rauchs (2017)
  • https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/etherdelta/
  • Loi Luu (Kyber Network): https://www.coindesk.com/uc-berkeley-kybernetwork-partner-for-decentralized-exchange-research/

By Nathan Sexer