Hydro币是什么

Hydro Protocol,号称一款为去中心化交易所设计的开源协议。我对Hydro合约进行了仔细的翻阅,发现它的确是一款完全去中心化的交易协议。 但是它需要一个叫做Relayer的角色,这个角色承担了将所有签名的买卖订单进行撮合并发送给Hydro的任务,也就是交易所。在这里,我们只需要将期望交易的货币数量和价格附带签名发送给Relayer,Relayer就可以也只能撮合符合相应价格的订单,将符合的订单发送给Hydro最终完成交易。 在这个过程中,Relayer只承担了撮合订单的任务,不能对订单做任何修改,因为只要有人篡改订单中任何一个bit,都会导致Hydro验证签名的时候发生错误,最终无法完成交易。

现在看来Hydro完美的解决了交易所去中心化的问题。我们现在找到这样的交易所就可以了。

寻找以Hydro协议为基础的交易所 别说,我们还真找到了这么几家交易所,但是却发现了一个很严重的问题和一个很严肃的问题: 白名单机制和上币费用!

白名单机制

这是一个很严重的问题。因为Hydro在完成订单的过程中有一个非常重要的环节,即转账(这不废话吗?所有的交易最终都是要完成转账)。我们知道,在以太坊里要想完成转账,只有拥有账户的本人或者其批准的代理人才能转移该账户的资金。原本Hydro协议的设定是代理人是Hydro协议本身,这样只有符合价格要求的订单才能被Hydro协议承认,这完全没有问题。 经过对交易所协议的研究,我们发现交易所用了另外一个叫Proxy的代理合约来完成交易,而代理合约的转账权限是所有白名单都可以完成转账(Hydro肯定需要被加到白名单里的),但是白名单是可以添加和删除的。这里就存在一个很严重的问题,假如合约Owner添加了自己或者另外的账户为白名单,那么该白名单将会自由的转移所有授权过当前交易所的账户里的资金,事实上,在代理合约里的确添加了除Hydro以外的其它账户为白名单。 好了,现在我们来梳理下这类交易所的流程: 用户提交订单 —> 交易所收集订单 —> 交易所线下撮合订单 —> 交易所将撮合成功的订单发送给Hydro合约 —> Hydro验证订单签名、价格等信息 —> Hydro通过Proxy完成转账 前面所有的环节都没有问题,只有最后一步转账,Hydro作为白名单可以转账成功,那其它的白名单账户一样可以转账成功,这个问题很严重,我代表个人替所有授权过交易所的账户捏把汗。

上币费用

这是个老生常谈的问题,相信在交易所上过币的组织都知道,上币费用少则几万多则几十万,有时候为了营销该代币还需要更大的资本去操纵(这种割韭菜行为我们暂不谈)。就单单这个上币费用的问题,就扼杀了很多优秀的且要通过代币的形式公募的项目组织, 因为对于初创的项目是很难接受如此高昂的费用的。况且在去中心的区块链世界,出现垄断性的交易所,也是非常不合理的。

思考

Hydro 的Relayer问题 其实想想为什么会有白名单机制,主要原因还是因为Hydro没有解决Relayer的问题。Relayer说透了,就是完成线下撮合的工作。正因为Hydro缺少了撮合这个工作,最终导致Relayer的线下撮合有了绝对的话语权。假如我们将撮合过程作为Hydro的补充放到线上,公开透明撮合过程,实现完整的交易过程,那么线下的撮合还会有市场和话语权吗?

By YouWallet

What is Algorand

What is Algorand? They are a scalable, secure, and decentralized cryptocurrency and smart contract platform. They’ve developed their own consensus mechanism that is a variant of proof of stake called pure proof of stake(TM). The main benefit of this is that Algorand technology finalizes blocks in seconds and provides immediate transaction finality. While preventing forks. Furthermore, Algorand offers highly customizable smart contracts as asset tokenization and atomic transfers built directly in layer 1. I’ll come back to all of this tech in a bit.

The company is based in Boston and was founded by a turning award-winning MIT Professor called Silvio Micali. He has also assembled a pretty strong team from MIT and other academic institutions, given the star power behind this project.

Silvio Mikali, founder of Algorand.

They were able to raise a pretty large amount of money through 2 private sales and one public sale over 120 million dollars. Those backing them in the private sale included the likes of Union Square Ventures and Brainchild among many others.

So that’s the quick overview of the project. However, in order to best understand what they’re trying to build, you have to know what problem they are trying to solve. This is essentially the Blockchain Trilemma.

Blockchain Trilemma: Scalability, Decentralization, Security

So, what the hell is that? Well, when it comes to blockchain technology, there are three ideal qualities that we’re all in search of, these are;

1- Decentralized control of the network should be appropriately distributed so that there are no points of centralized control.

2- Secure, blockchains have to be resistant to attacks and must be censorship-resistant too.

3- Scalable, They should be able to grow in size and capacity without impacting the underlying efficiency.

Now, these are all great targets in themselves, but the only problem is they’re highly related and intertwined. You cannot easily scale while at the same time increasing decentralization. You cannot scale in a decentralized way without impacting on the broader security of the network in some way or another. So, you’re left with this problem where you cannot scale in a decentralized and secure manner the blockchain trilemma. This is something that’s so many other projects have encountered not least of which the most popular smart contract blockchain of all ETH. So, why do we have this trilemma? Well, it comes down to the nature of current consensus mechanisms.

When it comes to blockchain consensus, there are a number of different options. However, two of the primary ones are proof of stake (POS) and proof of work (POW).

Now most of you are no doubt familiar with good old proof-of-work. It’s the consensus mechanism that’s used by the likes of Bitcoin, Etherium, and a number of other protocols. However, as we’ve come to realize, the trilemma is quite acute when it comes to proof-of-work systems. There is a lot of centralization where most of the hashing power is controlled by large mining farms. They’re also not the most secure as there are a number of blockchains that have been attacked through Double Spending Attacks.

The most recent of these is an ETH Classic for example. They’re also not very scalable. Of course, you need to look no further than ETH here. Transaction times are slow as hell and those gas fees sometimes have us screaming at the sky. This is perhaps one of the primary reasons why everyone is so excited about ETH 2.0 and the transition towards proof of stake. However, despite being more favorable than a proof of work, there are challenges with proof of stake as well. So, let’s take a look at the delegated proof of stake (DPOS). For example or DPOS under this mechanism, the community will empower a number of users the delegates to choose the next block. This is a mechanism that is used by blockchains such as EOS etc. Now, the only problem is that this does create concerns around centralization. There is a fixed number of delegates and these delegates can be viewed as having centralized control. In the adipose blockchain, the delegates may own a tiny fraction of the total money in the system. Yet, the whole blockchain is secure, If and only if the majority of delegates are honest. Now, even if we were to assume that all of these nodes were honest, these nodes can easily be identified and attacked. They can run denial-of-service attacks that stop consensus and hence bring down the blockchain itself.

Another variant of the proof of stake system is of course Bonded Proof of Stake. This is your more typical model where the users were bond tokens at state in order to vote on blocks. The thinking goes that they will never vote against their own interests as they could lose that stake. The only problem with this is that it allows a well-heeled adversary to overtake the network. There are many occasions where an attacker could get more value from bringing down a network then they could lose with money bonded in stake. So, quite clearly the current message of consensus means that it’s hard to scale a blockchain insecure and decentralized way, and that is exactly why Algorand has developed its secure proof of stake mechanism. So let’s slide into that now.

The Algorand consensus mechanism is called pure proof of stake. And it operates on this simple principle. It makes cheating by a minority of the money impossible and cheating by the majority stupid. So what do I mean by that? Well unlike with other bonded proof of state mechanisms that rely on punishing bad actors, but the fun staked. They developed a mechanism so that those with small stakes cannot cheat, moreover those that have a large stake in the network won’t cheat. It will completely devalue their holdings and make no economic sense. So, basically as long as 2/3 of the majority are honest, the protocol will work just fine. It also differs from other mechanisms in that the money does not have to be bonded for a particular period of time. Money is always in users’ wallets ready to be spent and used in other ways on the network. On the other hand, blocks are constructed into two phases through lotteries known as cryptographic sortition. And if that sounds like mumbo-jumbo to you, don’t worry, it’s basically just a mechanism where consensus on blocks is established through two stages a proposal stage and a voting round.

Who does what in the is completely random and hence impossible to manipulate. By the way, I have linked to the docks below if you want to do a bit more reading but what this basically means for the ecosystem is that you have fast finality. For example, Algorand smart contracts operate at over 1,000 transactions per second, which is considerably higher than the number of other smart contract blockchains. Moreover, the random nature of the sortition that I mentioned above means that It is immediately decentralized, and given that there’s no way for adversaries to know who is voting on the next blog. It’s also secure.

Okay, so the underlying blockchain layer of Algorand is able to attack that scalability problem. I know I want to move on to the next most important component of the tech stack and that is their smart contract functionality. This is particularly relevant given their recent DeFi pivot.

Algorand 2.0

Last year Algorand released Algorand 2.0 which was a much-needed update to its protocol. This would see the introduction of three key features these include the following the Algorand Standard Assets, the Algorand Atomic Transfer, and The Smart Contracts. If you want to read about those first two, then I encourage you to look at the docs. The one that I’m most interested in covering now, is that concerning those stateful smart contracts. Algorand’s smart contracts are integrated into Algorand Layer 1, which means that they inherit the same speed, scale, finality, and security as the Algorand platform itself. Moreover, they are cost-effective and error-free in order to get a sense of just how compelling they’re smart contracts are.

I’d like to direct you to this handy guide over here. As you can see there are a number of benefits that come with the Algorand smart contracts. They’re energy-efficient, fast, have immediate transaction finality, easy to develop on they support Java, JavaScript Python Go, and of course, they’re cheap to send on. The applications for smart contracts like this in the DeFi space are immense. I want to direct your attention to their post on smart contracts in DeFi. It takes you through all these use cases including Escrow, Synthetics, stable coins, credit, exchanges, margin trading, etc. the list goes on. So there are clearly a lot of use cases for these smart contracts in DeFi and it’s also not completely theoretical there have been a number of projects that have started developing on Algorand. I also mentioned stable coin applications there. Well, it was recently announced that Coinbase’s USDC would be migrating over to Algorand The main reason for this was of course the high fees and transaction blown on the ETH network. In fact, even back in June of this year, the center consortium announced its intention of diversifying away from the ETH blockchain. It’s pretty telling that Algorand was one of the first blockchains that they decided to move on to. So, all-round, it seems that our grant has the cutting-edge tech most investors and developers consider when scouting for opportunities, and this does not even factor in the star power behind the project.

Team

As mentioned the founder of Algorand is an MIT cryptography Professor called Silvio Micali to say that he’s accomplished in the field of cryptography is an understatement. He’s won three different international academic awards for his work. He’s one hell of a bring a chap. Oh and here’s a fun fact those Zero-Knowledge Proof that you often hear about those were first conceived back in the day by Silvio and two other professors.

Silvio Micali is the founder of Algorand. He is an expert in cryptography, secure protocols, and pseudo-random generation and he oversees all of the research and security involved with Algorand. He is the co-inventor of a large number of protocols, including Verifiable Random Functions, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, and Probabilistic Encryption.

Steve Kokinos serves as the CEO at Algorand. He was previously the CEO at the global enterprise communication platform Fuze, and he brings a wealth of business and entrepreneurial experience to Algorand.

W. Sean Ford is the COO at Algorand, and he also brings a wealth of business experience, having previously been the CMO at LogMeIn.

Silvio is only one component of the team. I encourage you to take a look at their team page and see some of the other names and credentials that are behind this project. And this is just their human capital. They have a lot of financial capital behind them as well. As mentioned they managed to raise over 120 million dollars in a number of token sales and heck they even completed a separate fundraise for their own Venture Capital Arm. This was originally called Algo Capital and was recently renamed to Borderless Capital. They raised over 200 million dollars in order to invest in those projects that are building on the Algorand blockchain. If that does not spur development activity. I don’t know what will. So, I’ve been writing a lot about the benefits of Algorand and how great the tech team and use cases all are. However, this all brings us to a very important question. Why is the token still underperforming?

Tokenomics

I think this has to come down to its tokenomics. So let’s take a look at those now shall we as mentioned the native token on the algorithm blockchain is there an ALGO token? This is a utility token and there are two main functions that I can see. Firstly, it can be used in order to steak and earn those ecosystem rewards, and secondly, it can be used in order to pay for transaction fees and dap computations.

There were a total of 10 billion tokens that were minted in the Genesis block. Now while that may seem like a lot the circulating supply is only about 1 billion and right here, you can see the token release schedule now something that you should note about. This is the fact that there are still token sales ongoing. As they state they set a sales target of 150 million ALGOs for this year. However, with a 1 billion circulating supply that implies protocol inflation of close to %15 which is pretty damn high and these are just the token cell components. There are additional ALGO hitting the market as a combination of not only participation rewards but also a staking rewards component. Here you can see the total ALGO that’s being dispersed through the standard rewards, and here you can see the ALGO just coming onto the market as a result of the staking participation program by my calculations. That’s an additional 165 million ALGO there would be hitting the market in 2020.

If we add that to the proposed token cells that’s quite a hell of a lot of inflation. Now, I should also point out that 5 million ALGO were burned in an auction by a back this year more on that in a bit. However, this is just not enough to counteract the millions of the coming on to the market, as we know increased supply without a counteracting increase in demand results in a price fall.

Resource: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/algorand/

Let’s pull up that price chart of ALGO. Shall we as you can see? They hit the market at over 3,20 and fell immediately. In fact, they were one of the worst-performing new listings on Binance as the tokens felt almost 50 cents within a month of hitting the market.

1 month later, after listed on Binance, worth was almost 50 cent.

Now, there are a number of other factors that were external to Algorand that led to this fall. Of course, they launched in the soft market last year as there was little appetite for all coins. It could also have been down to the lack of any sort of excitement prior to the listing. Given that Algorand raised most of their funds through a private sale. Not many people knew about it. However, I think a great deal of that was just a flood of tokens hitting the market the moment trading went live. For example, just prior to the listings ALGO sold tokens to the public through a Dutch Auction process. This saw them issue 25 million tokens at a price of 2.40 USD per ALGO. So the moment The training went live a flood of ALGO hit the market and subsequently tanked the price. So bad was the fall the Algorand Foundation actually implemented a token by back for some of those Auction buyers that would see them receive 90% of the original purchase price in return. In fact, I have to say that is pretty commendable. I mean how many other projects have you heard of that offered to buy back tokens that have created after listing. Either way, some people took advantage of it and some didn’t. If they did then the tokens that they sent over would be burned which would, of course, reduce the supply. However, that was not enough to slow the rate of inflation that I mentioned above. The trading history since the buyback was really quite lackluster. It culminated with ALGO dropping to an all-time low of just above 10 cents in March of this year (2020).

In March 2020. ALGO felt down to almost 10 cents

This no doubt spurred those Algorand chaps to conduct their second by back in July. However, July did renew some hope in the price of our go. After it was listed on Coinbase. Now, we all know the impact that the coin based system had not only on the price of an asset but also on the broader liquidity this did spur a much-needed rally in August that saw ALGO reach its highest level since listing and over 60 cents. This was unfortunately short-lived as the price has subsequently retraced. So this of course brings us on to the most important question of all, where does the price go from here?

Price Potential

It’s a tricky question despite how impressive Algorand is from a tech and team perspective. The current economics are still quite challenging. Yes, there is a max supply that cannot be increased. However, this is quite high and inflation is currently only impacted by what is coming on to the circulating supply. The ALGO hitting the market through the combination of those two reward programs is likely to still be a bit of a drag. The something else that you have to factor in here, too.

Because there is no bond as it is required to be put up for a period in order to stake. There are no counteracting supply-side mechanisms restricting circulating supply. This is something that bonded proof of stake mechanisms require, which does bring down those supply numbers.

The final question then has to come down to that utility demand. Is there likely to be a lot of demand from the protocol to use ALGO for Dapps or transactions? Well, given the benefits of the tech that I’ve taken you through I do happen to think so. Algorand is trying to expand the use case of its blockchain to the burgeoning DeFİ space. Prices with fast finality and low transaction fees. Indeed the move by coin basis with their USDC stable coin is Testament to that.

Did you know that a country is actually building its own digital currency on the Algorand blockchain? Yes, The Marchall Islands are issuing their own sovereign SOV that will be built on Algorand so that could be another strong utility demand-side factor right there.

Moreover, it’s pretty clear that Algorand is focused on growing its ecosystem. Let’s not forget about those 200 million dollars in funds that they have to invest in projects that are built on Algorand. However, the real question is whether the eventual demand that’s created can outstrip all that supply that’s currently hitting the market. At current levels. It doesn’t seem so but if demand does drastically pickup and more defy projects build on or migrate to ALGO then it could be a different story.

Conclusion

It’s time to start wrapping things up. What do I really think of Algorand? One can’t deny that their tech stack is impressive true. They’re unique and ingenious pure proof of state consensus mechanism. They are much closer than other projects to attacking that blockchain trilemma. We all know that scaling is one of the most important things in everyone’s mind. It’s also one of the reasons why I cannot wait for the launch of ETH 2.0. Perhaps this really could be that scaling Holy Grail that everyone is talking about.

However, delays to the launch of the beacon chain mean that people are in search of the best alternatives given the recent launch of a ground state for smart contracts the applications that can be built on the network are immense as we’ve seen there is potential for defy projects that are looking for a more scalable alternative to build on. Moreover, I have to go out on a limb here and say that the team behind the Algorand project are some of the most accomplished that I have seen, not only do they have the academic star power, they also have hundreds of millions of dollars of capital backing the project. Despite all this so things have not fared so well for the ALGO tokens. As I’ve pointed out, there are a number of supply-side pressures that are keeping the price down. As we approach that supply cap, these emissions are likely to continue. The only thing that can counter these supply-side pressures is an equal or greater demand from users building and transacting on the Algorand Network. At current levels of network use, it does not appear, as if this demand-side driver is strong enough. However, that may be about to change with their recent expansion into the field of DeFi. Theirs also dedicated to support projects building on Algorand and have a lot of coin in the kitty to do that. So, it will be interesting to see how things play out in the next couple of months. It’s no doubt a project that I will be keeping a very close eye on.

Resource: COIN BUREAU

Know more about PancakeSwap

You might be forgiven for thinking that food-themed cryptocurrencies were just a ‘flash in the pan’, so to speak. To an extent, you may have even been correct. The yield farming frenzy during Summer 2020 produced several food-based yield farming protocols and tokens. PancakeSwap is a decentralized cryptocurrency exchange (DEX) built on Binance Smart Chain (BSC), powered by the BEP-20 Pancake token (CAKE). The CAKE token is one of several tokens used within the PancakeSwap protocol and made available for token swaps. Similar to Uniswap, PancakeSwap is an automated market maker (AMM) and decentralized application (dApp) that features liquidity pools where users can earn fees from staking, lending, and yield farming.

In this article, we’re going to explore the PancakeSwap platform and the seamless yield farming experience it creates for users. Also, we’re going to look at the CAKE token and the other tokens used with the platform. Furthermore, we’re going to look at how Binance Smart Chain (BSC) has bootstrapped the PancakeSwap platform to create a secure and user-friendly environment for decentralized finance (DeFi) and yield farming.

Those new to crypto and unsure where to start, check out the Crypto Basics course at Ivan on Tech Academy! This is the perfect place to learn all about the industry from the ground up. Also, check out our Blockchain & Bitcoin 101 course to broaden your understanding of how blockchain works on a technical level!

What is DeFi?

Decentralized finance, or ‘DeFi’ is a term used to describe a decentralized network of blockchain-based financial applications. Sometimes described as ‘money legos’, DeFi protocols are often open-source. This means that anyone can build on top of them to create new variations and amalgamations. DeFi is disrupting the legacy financial system by removing unnecessary third parties and providing a compelling alternative as a solution.

Until recently, DeFi was considered by most to be a relatively risky endeavor, and there are undoubtedly still risks involved. However, DeFi has gained substantial adoption throughout 2020 and into 2021. Not only has the perceived technical barrier for entry been lowered for DeFi, but the industry itself has become an important part of the future of global finance. However, DeFi is still a relatively new industry. Therefore, DeFi should still be approached with caution. The technology is in its infancy, with many projects being tested during production, totally unaudited.

However, for the most part, DeFi is reshaping wealth distribution and how we think about money. It could also play a major role in ending global poverty and bringing financial parity to the unbanked. DeFi is borderless, permissionless, and allows people to gain financial freedom.

There are many sub-categories of DeFi, including, decentralized exchanges (DEXs), derivatives, asset management, lending protocols, and yield optimization. Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) such as Uniswap are peer-to-peer cryptocurrency exchanges that use smart contracts, rather than third-party intermediaries and order books. Furthermore, DeFi can be used for yield aggregation and automation with platforms such as Yearn Finance and Reef.

Popular DeFi lending protocols such as Aave, Compound Finance, and MakerDAO are great examples of how DeFi lending money-markets work. You can learn exactly how to get to grips with these protocols and much more with the DeFi 101 course at Ivan on Tech Academy!

What is Yield Farming?

Yield farming, or liquidity mining, is a term used in DeFi to describe the process of strategizing the movement of funds between multiple smart contract-based DeFi lending protocols to maximize returns. Returns come from annual percentage yield (APY) made from lending and trading fees. Also, DeFi implements an element of game theory by rewarding governance tokens to incentivize users of the protocol.

These governance token rewards combined with high levels of APY and effective yield maximization are the essence of yield farming. Users lock up crypto as collateral within a DeFi protocol, which then enables them to take out a crypto loan. This loan can then be used across multiple DeFi platforms to ‘harvest’ the best yields available.

Users must maintain collateralized debt positions (CDPs) to stay in the game. If token prices fluctuate, interest rates change, or a pool encounters an issue, users are at risk of liquidation. This essentially means that your funds are gone. To cover losses created by such volatility, CDPs are automatically liquidated if the collateral backing them falls below a certain threshold.

If you want to take your DeFi game to the next level, the DeFi 201 course at Ivan on Tech Academy is just for you! Here, you can learn all about yield farming, arbitrage, and much more!

With courses curated by our team of industry-leading professionals, Ivan on Tech Academy is the premier blockchain education suite available online. Also, it is the perfect place to start your journey in crypto. Regardless of experience, Ivan on Tech Academy has courses tailored to every area of the industry to help you find your perfect job in crypto!

What is PancakeSwap?

PancakeSwap is a decentralized cryptocurrency exchange for swapping BEP-20 tokens. If you’re familiar with Uniswap or SushiSwap, then you’ll know how PancakeSwap works. Each works in almost exactly the same manner.

The PancakeSwap exchange doesn’t use order books like traditional exchanges. Instead, it uses an automated market maker (AMM) model which matches buy and sell orders directly with others in a liquidity pool. User deposits maintain liquidity pools. By providing liquidity to such a pool, users can earn trading fees and liquidity provider (LP) tokens. LP tokes are redeemable for the initial capital deposited, plus any fees earned, minus any impermanent loss. Furthermore, LP tokens can then be staked, farmed, and traded!

Cloning or copying open source code from a popular decentralized application (dApp) is not uncommon. Particularly in DeFi, many new projects are based on existing protocols, with tweaks made to the original code. Simply make a few adjustments to a popular open-source code, create a new token, name it after your favorite snack, and presto – you’ve got yourself a freshly baked DeFi clone! 

Regardless of whether you think cloning is a good thing or a bad thing, it happens a lot in crypto. For example, SushiSwap is a clone of Uniswap. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that PancakeSwap appears to work in a very similar way to SushiSwap, with a familiar layout and user interface.

However, PancakeSwap is flipping the yield farming model on its head, introducing a range of new features that provide an all-in-one yield optimization platform built around the Pancake token (CAKE). Furthermore, PancakeSwap benefits from the security of Binance Smart Chain (BSC), which could help convert some DeFi skeptics.

How to Use PancakeSwap and the CAKE Token

PancakeSwap makes yield farming simple and fun. To use PancakeSwap, you’ll first need to connect your MetaMask browser wallet or WalletConnect. Although MetaMask is an Ethereum wallet, the design of Binance Smart Chain (BSC) works in a way that makes decentralized applications (dApps) interoperable with Ethereum wallets such as MetaMask.

If you’re familiar with the Uniswap decentralized exchange (DEX) then PancakeSwap should be straightforward. The ‘exchange’ section is used for token swaps, while the ‘pools’ section is where fees are earned for liquidity provision. Finally, the ‘farming’ section is where the yield farming takes place.

To farm the Pancake token (CAKE), you’ll need to add liquidity to the PancakeSwap exchange pool. After selecting the token pair you wish to deposit, you can begin farming CAKE tokens. As with the movement of ERC-20 tokens in the Metamask wallet, withdrawals must be approved for BEP-20 tokens before PanckeSwap can withdraw them on your behalf. From here, you’ll be prompted with a popup displaying the transaction amount and any fees. Then, to stake CAKE, you’ll need to transfer some Binance Coin (BNB) to your Binance Smart Chain (BSC) BEP-20 address for future transaction fees.

Upon the confirmation of your transaction, select how much you want to stake, and confirm the transaction. You can check at any point to see how much CAKE rewards you have earned and harvest any newly awarded tokens. This means CAKE tokens can then be staked to earn more CAKE!

Also, check out the ‘farm’ page to find which pool offers the greatest rewards based on your risk tolerance. Liquidity providers (LPs) earn 0.17% of all PancakeSwap transaction fees. Plus, PancakeSwap LPs also earn FLIP tokens, which can be staked too!

The Pancake Token

In September 2020, the Pancake token (CAKE) was launched on Binance Smart Chain (BSC). CAKE is a BSC-native BEP-20 token. The CAKE token has performed extremely well in 2021, showing an incredible price rally throughout February. The primary function of CAKE is to incentivize liquidity provision to the PancakeSwap platform.

At the time of writing, the Pancake token (CAKE) has a market cap of $335,680,356, selling at $3.03 per Pancake token, with a circulating supply of 111,566,950 according to CoinGecko. Also, CAKE has no max supply, which means it is a deflationary token, with tokens burned regularly to reduce the supply.

Yield Farming with PancakeSwap

As an early adopter of smart contracts, the network effect of the Ethereum blockchain gave rise to hundreds of decentralized applications (dApps) and yield farming protocols. However, many of these protocols are unaudited, and some outright scams.

Since then, advancements in the blockchain industry and DeFi have facilitated improved security measures by allowing the coming together of centralized finance (CeFi), and decentralized finance (DeFi). A great example of this is Binance Smart Chain. Binance Smart Chain is an ecosystem of decentralized applications that harness the power and security of Binance while offering many of the services that appeal to DeFi users, such as yield farming. 

Yield farming allows users to stake funds in return for staking rewards. Rewards can be compounded and used across multiple protocols, allowing users to grow yield by chasing the highest interest rates across various parts of the DeFi ecosystem.

Services for yield optimization are now a common feature among many centralized crypto platforms. However, it was DeFi that truly popularized the idea of maximizing yield in crypto. Decentralized applications (dApps) have furthered the development and adoption of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. DeFi Pulse is a website that displays the current rankings and analytics of DeFi protocols. According to DeFi Pulse, the total value locked (TVL) in DeFi has grown from around $1 billion to over $34 billion in less than a year.

The technology behind many yield farming protocols is unaudited and can be risky. Although these projects often offer high returns, the rates of these returns are extremely volatile. Yield farming protocols are ten-a-penny these days. However, the risk presented by many weird DeFi platforms should always be considered when participating in new technologies. 

Providing Liquidity to PancakeSwap

PancakeSwap liquidity provider (LP) tokens are suitably named ‘FLIP’ tokens. FLIP tokens come in different varieties depending upon the token pair provided to a pool. PancakeSwap farmers can lock up their LP tokens and earn further rewards in the process. 

After depositing funds into a PancakeSwap liquidity pool, earning LP rewards, and using them to farm the Pancake token (CAKE), users could stake their CAKE tokens by locking them up to receive SYRUP tokes. However, SYRUP was discontinued and rendered useless after a smart contract issue. Instead, users can now stake CAKE, to earn more CAKE!

PancakeSwap Fees

PancakeSwap fees work just like other decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and automated market makers (AMMs) such as Uniswap, 1inch Exchange, and SushiSwap. Anyone that provides liquidity to PancakeSwap pools will receive ‘FLIP’ liquidity provider (LP) tokens along with any trading fees accrued. When using PancakeSwap, traders pay a 0.2% fee. Of this fee, 0.17% is allocated to liquidity providers (LPs) while the remaining 0.03% are burned by PancakeSwap Treasury.

Based on 30,000 blocks per day, the emission for fees on PancakeSwap amounts to approximately 750,000 daily Pancake token (CAKE) rewards. Of this, 60% goes to farmers. Holders of the CAKE token receive 40% of the rewards per block. With future governance proposals, however, these rates could change.

Why Build on Binance Smart Chain (BSC)?

Ethereum has been the go-to blockchain for smart contract-based decentralized applications (dApps) for several years. This is due to the early adoption of Ethereum which gave the second-largest blockchain a head-start against any competition.  As this technology was only coming into development, the network effect of Ethereum-based decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols has resulted in phenomenal growth and continued development and adoption.

However, there are concerns for some developers building on Ethereum regarding high gas fees, speed, and network congestion. Many believe this could hinder the mass adoption of crypto. However, several measures are being taken to address this issue through scaling and interoperability in Ethereum 2.0.

Regardless, many crypto projects are opting to build on other blockchains due to lower transaction fees and less saturation. One such blockchain is Binance Smart Chain (BSC). BEP tokens are a token standard native to the Binance Smart Chain and the focus asset of the PancakeSwap protocol. BSC has considerably lower fees than Ethereum, lowering the barrier of entry for adoption while creating a cost-effective and secure platform for building dApps!

Additional Features

As if the team at PancakeSwap didn’t have enough on their plates, the project also boasts several other features that bring further utility to the platform. These include a platform for Initial Farm Offerings (IFOs) and a marketplace for non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Here, you can trade tokenized assets including Tesla, Google, and Netflix shares!

Also, PancakeSwap holds several community incentives to encourage participation, such as the lottery whereby holders of the Pancake token (CAKE) can buy tickets for a chance to win prizes. Furthermore, CAKE token holders oversee the proposal process for adding new token pools to the PancakeSwap protocol.

If you’re already partial to a bit of CAKE, follow us on Twitter @Academy_IOT and let us know what you think about PancakeSwap!

PancakeSwap Summary

As with any other DeFi protocol, PancakeSwap comes with inherent risks. However, the security afforded by Binance Smart Chain (BSC) is winning the hearts and minds of both CeFi and DeFi users. PancakeSwap brings all the functionality of Uniswap to Binance Smart Chain (BSC), without the fees. Transaction fees are paid using the BNB token, but these fees are extremely low compared to Ethereum-based DeFi protocols. 

DeFi protocols are generating an incredible amount of revenue. Furthermore, almost all of these platforms are less than two years old. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) is an exciting new platform for DeFi. PancakeSwap is one of many successful projects to emerge from BSC. As the industry develops, we can expect to see a further crossover between DeFi and CeFi and more high-quality projects integrating the best of both worlds!

Creating decentralized applications (dApps) isn’t as difficult as many people think. With the right amount of dedication, Ivan on Tech Academy has all the tools and resources you need to succeed in crypto. Check out the Ethereum Smart Contract Programming 101 and Ethereum Smart Contract Programming 201 course to learn how to create your own dApps!

By Ivan

场外交易的风险

所谓otc,字面意思是Over the counter(非柜台交易),大家更习惯称之为场外交易。这也是来自传统金融市场的概念,因为早期的股票交易市场,是需要大家拿着条子和电话在柜台上进行交易的,后来才有了电脑、互联网等概念,但这个叫法被传承了下来。实际上现在的otc交易已经分成了两大类别,一种是以平台(交易所、场外交易平台等)为载体的法币交易通道,另一种是传统的场外交易,由买方、卖方和(担保人)构成,主要在微信群、QQ群等。微信、QQ群的场外交易,好处是很明显的。首先是不会对二级市场的K线造成影响就能私下完成了筹码的交换,打比方说你需要买1000个btc,如果在交易所直接买的话,你会遇到两种情况,要么是在价格波动不大的情况下吃货时间特别长,要么就是在很短时间内能吃到货,但是成本会飙升不少。场外就能完美满足这两点,你找到靠谱的大宗,找好担保人,商量好价格,线下交易,整个市场的币价不会受到一丝一毫的影响。其次就是方便了很多不太会使用交易所的人,相比于注册交易所而且要完成复杂的认证步骤,在微信群、QQ群的场外交易,只需要进行钱币交易即可,根本不需要做kyc,流程简单许多。第三就是方便黑钱的进出,其实我们国家对于洗钱一直是严厉打击的,原则上是黑钱流到哪就冻结到哪。但是由于数字货币的特殊性,加上微信群、QQ群的场外交易的便利性和隐蔽性,越来越多的人选择用数字货币来洗钱。

实际上从今年6月份开始,小众的微信场外圈子里,就有很多事情发生,被放大传播后,搞的人心惶惶,先是发生了东莞冻卡潮事件,因为一位袁姓用户因为在场外群接了黑钱,之后又跟不少人进行了交易,导致一连串的冻卡事件发生,其中还有不少被冻的也是otc商家,这就是6月份的冻卡潮。

然后某友商顺着冻卡潮造谣火币otc出事儿,用的是火币商家郑德兴的工作群来散布谣言,结果被郑德兴团队火速打脸。
ImageImage所以现在上面对数字货币的关注力度格外的大,不仅仅是因为涉嫌诈骗、传销、非吸,更大的意义在于,因为数字货币,尤其是usdt的出现,会让更多的资金外逃,对国家金融造成不安定因素,这是不能容忍的。

有人可能会问,说做微信、QQ场外群,感觉很凶险的样子,搞不好就被冻卡,那为什么还有那么多人愿意做场外群呢?

因为利润啊,朋友。

不说大单子吧,就普通的小单,你卖币给他,要下浮1个点,你找他买币,要上浮一个点。

一买一卖,两个点利润到手,老一点的场外商家,每天大几百万的流水很轻松。虽然有时候也会遇到极端行情造成一些损失,但商家们早就做好了风险对冲和风险规避,相比于利润,风险实际上是可控的。如果遇到一些来路不明的,或者不能说的钱或者币(资金盘、诈骗、非吸),就不会给到那么高的价钱,场外商家的议价能力会增强,而对方急于脱手也会接受低价出币。

做场外群的,对这些自然也是心知肚明,但看在钱的面子上也都不会说什么,但拿来的币或者钱肯定是要洗白的,在他们五花八门的洗白过程中,很多交易所也深受黑产的荼毒。

首当其冲的,就是火币。
因为火币的otc交易量现在是最大的,深度也是最好的,甚至会出现买了币再去卖就能赚钱的情况出现。
就在刚刚,良心哥去火币截图的时候发现,买usdt只需要6.9,却可以卖到6.92,一个币差2分钱,而且居然可以买到64000多个u。简单来说,你资金量够的情况下,把他的u都买下来,然后在otc通道卖出去,一把就能赚1300多块钱,比炒币风险低太多了。ImageImage因为火币的用户多,交易量大而且深度好,无论是传统用户还是场外商家,自然也会通过火币进行交易,这里同样也包括不干净的用户。
什么叫不干净的用户呢?从两个方面来说,一方面是有不干净钱的用户,比如电诈、涉传、非吸、受贿等渠道来的钱,要换成币洗白。他们在平台进行交易的时候,自然会把钱打给商家,而商家在不知道这笔钱是黑钱的情况下,又会将资金不断流转到其他的账户,这就是典型的黑钱导致连环冻卡。另一方面则是不干净的币,相对来说好监控一些。比如某个资金盘跑路了,通过混币器打散又重新归集后流入火币企图变现,如果说这个案子已经立案,且对操盘手的地址进行监控的话,交易所可以对账户进行冻结,这样这批币就无法进行交易。但上面说的两个条件不是那么容易满足,所以依然会有不少人选择直接从交易所变现,当然也有人会走场外大宗,直接下浮多少个点全部卖给场外商家,自己低调变现。如果账户涉及到黑币的话,一般来说也会触发交易所的风控措施。不过凭良心说,火币在这方面做的算是很不错了。从火币态度和对黑产的一系列的动作可以看出火币在这方面的决心。
大家都知道火币是最为配合警方的otc平台了,有用户可能觉得说,火币跟警方走这么近,警方说冻结就冻结了,那我的账户岂不是很危险?
实际上恰恰相反。首先你的账户不过黑钱肯定不会被冻结,警察办案也要讲证据的。
同时反过来说,你的卡被冻结,不是因为火币,也不是因为警察,而是因为黑钱。就像有人被割了来骂我们说是怪我们把项目方给怼死了,却忘了自己是被项目方给割了一样。同样的道理,你在火币被冻卡,不是因为火币也不是因为警察,而是因为黑钱,从平台和警察的角度来说,人家闲着不行么,干嘛非得没事儿找事去冻你的卡。在明白了上面的道理之后,第二点就呼之欲出了,火币配合警方严厉打击黑产黑钱,打击的多了,就会形成威慑,让坏人不敢轻易再将钱币拿到火币去洗白,这样的话,用户接触到的黑钱黑币少了,火币就更安全,用户也自然还会更安全,这是双赢。这也是为什么火币在今年不断加强风控,增加各个环节的人脸识别和一系列限制措施的原因。我们都知道币圈很多坏人都是拿着别人的身份信息进行交易,四件套的身份信息可以买到,但是随时随地的人脸你买不到,这样就保证了用户是真人,如果一旦涉及黑产的话,拿着身份信息和人脸对比,警察叔叔分分钟就能把人捉拿归案了。
所以火币作为目前体量最大、深度最好的otc平台,其实反而更安全,这不仅仅是马太效应,还是生存法则:火币自己一定比普通用户更关心火币的命运。当你到了这个体量和级别之后,你是不会眼睁睁的看着自己被黑产黑钱把自己搞死的,这关乎用户,更关乎火币未来的命运。良心哥在这里说一句,火币otc没什么问题,放心交易。
其实我不说大家心里也都有谱,哪怕火币在外边因为otc被黑的惨不忍睹,但大家买卖币的时候不还是都走火币嘛。

实际上看到这里,你大致也明白了,因为黑钱黑币会通过场外群或者交易所otc通道的方式进行转移、变现,而场外群用户也都会在交易所上进行交易,所以整体算下来,都是糊涂账,很难做到完全规避风险。所以导致一旦冻卡就是直接冻结全部的资金链,这跟在哪个交易所没关系,只跟涉不涉及黑钱黑币有关系。     所以作为普通用户,出于风险规避还是要做一下卡卡分离,就是你炒币专门搞一张卡或者几张卡,不要把你的所有的钱都混在一起,万一被冻卡了不要搞得连饭钱都没有。
再就是交易之前还是得看一下交易对象的评价和完成度,优先选择信誉好的对象进行交易。如果真的不放心,可以在火币上找蓝盾商家,要比普通商户更为靠谱。如果真的在做了准备之后依然被冻卡了,你就得看看今天文章开头提到的那篇文章了,里边有关于为什么会被冻卡以及冻卡之后该怎办的详细教程。今天的东西都是干货,希望你能认真阅读,毕竟学到的是自己的。

By 币圈的良心

炒币为什么会被冻卡

冻卡的原因很简单,就是因为你的资金流中有黑钱。
可能很多人一听,卧槽?洗黑钱?我可是大大的良民,怎么可能?
但事实是,洗黑钱根本没有离你那么遥远,甚至现在已经无孔不入了。很多洗黑钱的方式脑洞非常大,哪怕给你脑子里塞一台发电机你也想不到。
而通过数字货币,尤其是BTC和USDT洗黑钱,无疑要比传统的洗钱方式要方便的多,所以越来越多的黑钱逐渐流进了数字货币市场,包括像各个otc平台和场外微信群交易,你懂得。币圈的这些黑钱被拆成大批量小额度不断的流转,最终洗白。

一般黑钱的来源大部分是有这么几个渠道:涉传、非吸、电诈。
涉传就是涉嫌组织领导传销,这种在币圈很常见,很多项目都是带有传销性质。
非吸就是涉嫌非法集资,这种在币圈也很常见,你也懂得。电诈就是电信诈骗,这种在币圈倒是不多,但是这帮人现在也知道用数字货币来洗钱了,因为电信诈骗越来越疯狂,整个中国都是重灾区,所以国家下决心严打电信诈骗,执行力度非常严格。这几类黑钱的共同特征就是:受害人数多,遍布区域广。
加上这三类都是严打的案件类型,基本上只要报案就会启动调查程序,而只要启动了调查程序,第一件事就是监控资金流向,然后冻结资金。再根据线索、证据进行立案侦查,最后破案。你的卡之所以被冻结,就是因为有小额的黑钱进入,而警方对于黑钱的动向一直都有严密监控,所以当你的账户有黑钱进入的时候,大概率会被冻卡。而且OTC资金存在跨平台套利现象,因此极易出现交叉感染。这个在过往的类似文章里从未提到过,良心哥也是跟很多交易所的OTC负责人深入了解之后才知道还有这种现象。举例来讲,OTC就像是一个零售批发市场,流动性、深度越好,商户越多,币价可能会相较于其他平台略低。高卖低买是人性,这样当用户在A平台上高价卖了币,然后到B平台以低价买币,这个时候可能由于两个平台的钱产生了交叉,可能A上的某笔钱有问题,当到了B平台,就会导致B平台用户冻结。这就是交叉感染。跨平台,跨场外群等套利产生的风险在某种程度上要比黑钱的影响面更大。买币就是要便宜!流动性更好、深度更深、商户更多的OTC平台价格才低。这才是共识和王道!有的交易所说我们有T+1的防护机制,这个其实是在欺负韭菜不懂行,要是T+1能防洗钱,那还要警察干什么,全拿去给你T+1得了!一旦被盯上,整个资金链条都会被冻卡,而你可能只是其中的一个,哪怕只有非常小的一笔金额到你的账户。听警察朋友说,曾经有个人,因为账户流入了几千块钱的黑钱,导致2000万被冻结,而且被当场带走,原因是怀疑他是黑钱的幕后操控者。所以通过OTC交易被冻卡,这个情况出现的几率真的很高,很多OTC商家们都是有几十张卡以防被封,才能继续经营下去。也就是说,交易被冻卡是有人在洗黑钱,你被冻卡是因为有黑钱进去,冻卡是警方为了保护投资人权益率先采取的措施。其实OTC交易被冻卡在各个交易平台也都时常发生,只不过因为总体交易金额和交易量偏低,不是那么显眼罢了。在这里良心哥普及一个概念,叫数据陷阱。


打个比方说,A交易所每天有10起被冻卡的案例,而B交易所只有1起。
看这个数据你肯定觉得A交易所的冻卡比例高,是B交易所的10倍。
但是如果我告诉你,A交易所每天有10000笔交易,有10起被冻卡的。B交易所每天有100笔交易,有1起被冻卡的。实际上A交易所的冻卡率只有千分之一,而B交易所的冻卡率是百分之一,冻卡率反而是A交易所的10倍。
所以看数据是不能只看片面的,要综合立体从多个维度的分析数据,才能真正的了解事情的真相。

怎么预防卡被冻结?实际上在说卡被冻结的解决方案之前,良心哥想多说一下怎么预防,未雨绸缪总比出了事情再去擦屁股要强。作为普通用户来讲,买币基本没什么问题,主要是卖币的时候怕收到黑钱冻卡。主要有以下预防方案:首先是要多办几张卡,把卡分开,炒币的卡就只用于投资资金的进出,不要用储蓄卡炒币,不然一旦冻结,你整张卡的钱都拿不出来了。
其次是在卖币之前,做一下提款检测,看看卡里的钱能不能顺利出来,比如你存一点要余额宝,如果能顺利转出,就用这张卡收款。不然如果卡已经被封了,而你还在让别人往卡里打钱,那就很尴尬了。
第三就是控制金额,收款单笔金额限制在五万以下,以免触发「人行转账系统冻结 」。第四就是要求对方实名付款,意思就是要求付款人平台实名和银行卡付款名字一致,最大范围防止收到第一手的黑钱。如果收到非实名的付款,一定要原路退回,并且在退回时备注:打错了或者转账错误,防止和黑钱产生关系。第五就是不要让对方备注任何关于数字货币的敏感词,例如比特币,ETH之类,别去备注。
第六就是要选老商家和信誉高的商家,也能降低收到黑钱的几率,这些老商家经过市场的考验,已经有一套很成熟的风控机制,相对安全,比如在火币平台上带有蓝盾标识的商家。第七就是要把钱过滤一遍。这个其实有点不厚道,但是也是没办法的事情。比如你把钱转到余额宝,然后再从支付宝过到余利宝,再从余利宝提取到银行卡,这样做的目的是,哪怕那笔钱有黑钱风险,但是也只能追到支付宝,而你的钱,已经换了一批。说白了就是让平台替你承担黑钱风险了。很多OTC商家都用过理财,P2P等手段进行风险转移。

卡被冻结了怎么办?卡被冻结也是分两种情况,第一种是叫银行冻结,一种是叫司法冻结。如果是银行冻结一般没什么事,一般是限制部分功能,主要是非柜台业务,这种带上你的身份资料去证明就能解封,但如果是司法冻结就比较麻烦,这时候需要带上身份资料去银行柜台,一定要问到下面这三点信息:
冻结期限多久?冻结的执行机关是哪里?东街机关的联系方式是?
在获取到上面这些信息之后,先不要慌。
首先必须明确一点,炒币是不违法的,更不是犯罪行为。然后,先不要跟公安机关联系,因为冻卡时间如果是两三天也没什么好担心的,配合警方调查就是了,一般48–72小时就可以解封,不同银行的时间可能有差别导致有延迟,但是如果超过4天还没解冻,或者发现冻结期限变成了半年,就要跟警方沟通了。
最坏的情况,莫过于冻卡半年,这是最要命的情况。

那遇到这种情况该怎么办?在跟警方联系时,请警方提供具体是哪笔收款,导致了冻卡。如果他们提供了,那么就按照当地警方的要求,提供相关信息。相关信息,一般都是用于解释为什么会发生这笔资金的转账。所以,一般而言,包括了某段时间内您在OTC交易平台的订单记录(可以登陆对应OTC交易平台账号导出打印)或者场外交易群的交易聊天记录截图,被冻结的银行卡流水等。同时很重要的是,准备相应的证明文件,主动配合警方调查,申请解冻,一般有以下这些:工作证明、银行流水、买卖币交易记录、房本、车本等能证明你有稳定收入来源的文件。
目的是排除你洗钱的嫌疑,这些文件能证明你有固定收入而且资产记录不差,是信用良好的守法公民,并不是靠洗黑钱赚钱的人。
如果提交资料后还没法解冻,比如需要到期解冻,结案解冻这种情况,你也可以根据情况,放弃被冻结的那一笔(如果金额不大,而卡里钱还不少的情况下)资金,申请把卡解冻。在沟通期间切记要摆正态度,不要起冲突,毕竟是在找人家办事,另外也不要被吓住,还是那句话,炒币不违法也不是犯罪,只是一种投资方式而已,总而言之就是八个字:有理有据,不卑不亢。实际上冻卡是公安机关的行为,跟你在哪个交易所交易关联不大。交易所只是提供双方的交易订单信息,但是交易所没有权限去审核用户的银行卡,所以用户的钱从哪来,是不是黑钱,他们也没办法去区分。你在知道这些背后的原理和处理方法之后,可以反过来有效的规避银行卡被冻结这种情况的发生。总结今天文章内容讲的是币圈人经常遇到的事情,大致是以下几点:
第一,冻卡是因为账户进了黑钱,而黑钱是通过非法手段获取的,所以当警方监控到黑钱流向的时候,会冻结这条资金链上所有的账户。第二既然冻卡的情况发生是常态,而我们又不想被冻卡,那只有提前做好规避,尽量不要触发被冻卡的这些情况,大家进币圈都是来炒币的,谁也不想成天在公安部门花费大量的时间和精力。
第三如果真的卡被冻结了,那就积极想办法解决吧,方式多种多样,真要不行还能找律师,现在也有专业的律师能处理此类案件。希望你在币圈,永远不冻卡,炒币发大财!

By 币圈的良心

高风险资金盘预警

高风险资金盘项目预警:

1、BIKI合约交易所(不靠谱,建议远离)

收取天价上币费,频繁上线假项目、空气币,大搞特搞传销,肆无忌惮、明目张胆的收割韭菜。

2、VB交易所(不靠谱,建议远离)

从2020年11月开始便陆续传出“不给用户提币”的说法。据用户玩家爆料,平台准进不准出,不让用户正常提币,却让用户正常充值交易,且以升级维护为名长达四个月不给用户提币。提币率为千分之一,1000个U,每天只能提1个出来。

3、蚂蚁币BAT(不靠谱,建议远离)

蚂蚁币Bitant项目借“阿里巴巴主导,中国央行背书,中芯国际参与”等话术虚构式宣传,被蚂蚁集团公开发声明“没有任何形式合作”打脸。

并且,作为一个线上的虚拟货币交易平台,Bitant却有且仅有比特币、以太坊、蚂蚁币三个币种的交易非常奇怪。平台最早公告日期在2020年2月,但域名注册时间却是在2021年4月。

4、POC皮皮虾(崩盘,维权中)、BTNEX比特牛交易所(不靠谱,建议远离)

2021年3月初,POC项目方对外公布说要进行为期半个月左右的“APP服务器扩容”。先是对外表示,服务器预计在3月19日左右恢复正常,结果到了3月19日以后又推迟说要等到月底。

截至到3月20日,POC皮皮虾平台彻底无法登录。

与此同时,BTNEX比特牛交易所也同样“无法登录”。而且,从域名上分析,BTNEX和POC的域名注册时间过分接近,BTNEX比特牛交易所很有可能就是由POC皮皮虾公链背后的操盘团队打造,专门用来诱骗投资者投资的平台。

5、BKEX交易所(不靠谱,建议远离)

BKEX成立于2018年6月,但主体公司“德辰币客天下”却早在19年7月就已经注销。换句话说,BKEX币客交易所实际就是一家“三无交易所”。

有网友爆料充值10万到BKEX币客交易所,然后通过自己操作盈利10万,却被平台以涉嫌异常交易为名冻结账号20多天,导致无法正常交易和提币,并要求扣除全部资产之后才能解冻。

6、SCEX合约交易所(不靠谱,建议远离)

SCEX自称项目方是美国SCEX基金会,但根本查不到注册信息。

目前,SCEX的“包赔场”已经停了很长一段时间了,而“喊单带单”的模式也是在不停地变换规则,降低老员工的收益,疑似跑路在即。

7、至联云商APP(资金盘)

至联云商APP,一个打着IPFS旗号,购物商城返FIL的资金盘骗局。

平台以“自己投资了矿机挖矿,挖出的FIL代币将会奖励给参与APP的用户”为借口,引诱了大批玩家参与购物挖矿。

8、EPC环保链(不靠谱,建议远离)

EPC环保链项目以环保为噱头,推出了不同等级的矿机兑换,诱导用户在场外花钱购买代币兑换矿机。

不仅如此,项目方所谓的机构站台,“EPC生态环境保护基金会”根本就只比环保链项目早成立2个月,查不到任何成员构架。有爆料说,环保链的白皮书还抄袭了“AOT慈善币”的内容。

9、MDD咪多多通证社区(资金盘)

平台分为游戏理财、购物商城、MDD通证三大板块,但实际上所谓的游戏理财就是互助盘形式的一种,剩下的无论是商城还是通证都是用来掩人耳目的噱头,100%的传销模式。

10、AMBC非洲矿业(崩盘,公审进行中)

2020年6月6日,AMBC非洲矿业发布升级维护、数据迁移的公告,“软跑路”了;

2020年7月17日,项目方已被相关部门列为“部督”案件,境外嫌疑人孙鹏等人均已被网上通缉;

2021年3月3日,吉林省梨树县人/民/法院以“网络传销犯罪”之名公开审理AMBC一案,引起广大关注。

11、MUSO公链(崩盘,维权中)

3月底,海南大会刚召开一天,项目方就扔下领导人群跑路消失,连大门都是锁着的。这个项目从宣传到跑路不到一个月,目前正在维权中。

12、慈善币AOT(崩盘在即,远离)

2月18日,项目方突然关网,进行了一场为期半个月左右的升级维护。

3月28日,项目方再发公告:【为了3.0完善对接,平台需要全面技术调整……预计调整时间大约需要十五至三十天左右】

说是对接,但据了解到的情况,慈善币AOT交易所的钱包地址在前几天的时间里,分别转走了100多万USDT的资金,并进行了火币套现。

13、TBK记账系统(不靠谱,建议远离)

和崩盘的BBOSS资金盘一样的套路,主体公司设立在新加坡,活动推广在国内,受众群体基本是大爷大妈,宣称每笔消费都可以得到100%等额的TBK积分奖励,但基本上全是击鼓传花的泡沫,风险极高。

14、博览共享(不靠谱,建议远离)

GDS博览共享,原名“全球博览”,在经历1.0收割韭菜,2.0重启被举报后,操盘手为躲避审查不得不重新改名为“博览共享”。3月27日召开的“万人大会”很有可能是项目方和大领导们要赶紧出货,所以营造了一个虚假繁荣的市场假象。

15、善盾SD(资金盘)

项目号称由“世界助残福利基金会”发起,但实际这个机构根本查不到任何消息,很有可能就是以前的“助残链IDAC”换盘重启。说是说一个公益项目,但有关公益的功能一个都没开发出来,反倒是拉人头、卖币、卖矿机的功能到处可见。

By 区块链评说

千万不要跟着“带单老师”做合约

“你好,我是数字货币交易所的客服,还在做合约吗,邀请你进群学习。”如果你是加密市场的参与者,一定接到过类似这样的电话。

  摸爬滚打过几番的老韭菜,多半选择无视,直接挂断;懵懂的小白,则可能会试探性地询问‘要不要收费’、‘有什么好处’……

  在觉察到对方的口气松动后,客服则会适时抛出诱惑:“不收费的。跟着群里的老师做单,带你赚钱的。”

  这样的好事会降临到你头上吗?

  当然绝无可能。

  当你拿出自己的家底,抱着这些钱即将十倍、百倍的梦,充值到交易所的一刻,很可能,剧本早已写好,你的钱已经落入他人口袋,只是那时的你还不知道而已。

  接下来的一出大戏,“耐心”的客服、“神准”的带单老师粉墨登场。在环环套路中,你不自知地配合了他们的演出,赔光全副身家,只叹一句自己运气不好。

  如今,数字货币合约交易正值风口,巨大收益诱惑背后,是巨大的风险和巨大的潜在利润。

  比起曾经的卷款跑路,如今的山寨交易所早已“高明”了许多,他们设好层层陷阱,只等用户自己步步踏入,血本无归、投诉无门。

  本文,Odaily星球日报通过亲身调查、采访受害者以及山寨交易所内部人士,力求抽丝剥茧,为读者揭开如今合约交易市场数见不鲜的灰色产业链。

  入群待割:‘韭菜’的隐私只值一毛钱 

  合约小白进入跟单群,一般是两种途径:一是被动接到电话,‘邀请’你进入跟单群;二是主动加入“社群 KOL” 的行情分析群,跟着做单。

  实际上,两种方式可能走向“吃人不吐骨头”的结局,我们先说第一种。

  邀请你进群‘客服’,通常自称是一些知名公司或是三大交易所工作人员,来增加用户的信任感。在暗访中,Odaily星球日报记者就遇到冒充中国平安(74.370, 0.14, 0.19%)旗下交易所的客服。(冒充中国平安旗下交易所)(冒充中国平安旗下交易所)

  然而,进群后你就会发现,这些交易所挂羊头卖狗肉,跟知名品牌毫无关联,都是名不见经传的小交易所。

  记者所进入的社群,冒充的便是火币交易所,而进群后则发现管理员来自此前已经跑路的柠檬交易所(Lemonex),疑似死灰复燃,换壳继续行骗。

  此时,你可能产生疑问:这些小交易所‘客服’是如何知道你的电话,并且精准地知道你在关注数字货币呢?

  答案是灰色产业数据买卖。这些山寨交易所通过灰产,购买曾在其他数字货币交易所以及加密相关应用中注册的手机号,来获取用户。至于数据提供方,则是一些已经倒闭或跑路的交易所内部人员。

  “3 万个电话,给 3 千块钱,很便宜了。因为我们的信息很精准,转化率很高的。”某灰产信息销售者告诉Odaily星球日报,一条电话信息只要一毛钱,并一再强调其信息非常精准。

  而后,交易所雇佣兼职充当客服拨打电话,邀请用户入群。“成功邀请一个人,给 5 元。你们退群就不算工资了。”兼职客服告诉Odaily星球日报,其每天会拨打上千个电话,转换率大概是 0.2%~0.3%。(兼职手中只会拿到不含信息的电话簿) (兼职手中只会拿到不含信息的电话簿)

  值得注意的是,这类交易所基本以合约交易为主。

  当客服询问你是否正在进行或者有意进行合约交易时,如果获得否定答案,便不会再‘纠缠’;如果获得肯定回答,则会卖力邀请用户进入社群,也正式宣告用户进入了小交易所的‘待割名单’中。

  而你的数据隐私,只值一毛钱,如果你上钩了,恭喜你,你值五块了。

  步步收割:你是如何被套路的? 

  入群是第一步,接下来自然是引导用户进行充值交易,这里的连环套路更是层出不穷。

  1、充值才能进实盘群

  一开始客服宣称交易群会免费提供交易策略,但实际当然并非如此。

  在用户进群后,群内交易所工作人员会立即添加用户为好友,并鼓励用户在该交易所充值。

  随后,交易所的工作人员会暗示你充值,以获取更快、更好的交易指导。“你现在所在的只是最低级的社群,带单老师的策略更新可能会不及时。必须充值,才能进入我们的实盘群。”

  实际上,在这个初级群里,你基本就是被大量兼职客服包围的,他们会不断发出一些“赚钱的好消息”吸引眼球。

  为了增加实盘群对散户的吸引力,工作人员会分享带单老师在实盘群中的点位策略以及其他用户收益截图,“跟着老师做的都已经赚钱了。”

  在这样的刺激下,不少散户开始向该交易所充值。如果充值金额低,交易所工作人员会继续诱惑用户充值更多资金,以进入更高等级的 VIP 社群,“对于 VIP 用户,老师会提供一对一的指导,点位策略也会比其他群更有效。”

  有些用户可能会持观望态度,不立刻充值,工作人员就会进行轮番息轰炸,发出大幅盈利的截图。

  “也有些‘冥顽不灵’的顽固分子始终不去充值,最后放弃踢掉就行了。”一名交易所内部人士 X 透露。

  Odaily星球日报记者曾试图进行少量充值,将之 PS 成大额充值图片发给交易所客服,企图进入 VIP 实盘社群。神奇的是,截图中根本没有任何账户信息或 UID,但该客服还是发现了记者的真实充值金额并将记者踢出群。

  这只能说明他们在实时监控后台,你的任何操作他们了如指掌,甚至这钱到底是真的进入了交易平台,还是已经进入了团队的腰包,也未可知。

  另外,记者在调查时发现,BThot、LemonEx 等交易所必须填写邀请码(主流交易所都是选填)方能注册。

  “有点类似于 CX,一对一拉人进来,这样外面对于交易所内部交易情况就很难了解。”X 解释说,这样的交易所从一开始就不是面向所有投资者开放的,“你也可以叫它‘杀猪盘’。” 

  2、实盘群就是“无底洞”

  用户进入实盘群,可能以为自己口袋里的钱即将十倍百倍,而实际上,充值的一刻,你的钱很可能已经进了山寨交易所团队的口袋,后面的一出大戏,只是为了让你给的心服口服。

  (1)被“神话“的带单老师

  为了让合约用户信任带单老师,跟着点位操作,一般会选择将其包装成无往不利的“交易大神”。然而,这些社群中所谓的带单老师,其实不过是交易所的普通工作人员。 

  常见的套路就是晒收益率。Odaily星球日报调查发现,无论是微博上还是社群中,绝大多数带单老师晒出的都只是收益率,而非收益数额,如下所示: (某带单老师晒出的收益截图)(某带单老师晒出的收益截图)

  在 100 倍杠杆的加持下,230% 的收益实际上只要比特币波动 2.3% 就可以实现了。带单老师们一般会同时开多单和空单,只要将其中盈利的截图就可以了。之所以不敢晒出实际收益额,是因为其实仓位特别小。

  “用几十块钱开一个 100 倍杠杆,晒一下收益率,你也能成带单老师。” X 解释说,所谓的带单老师,很多时候就是做个示范效应。 

  这些山寨交易所的所谓“带单老师”,绝对不会在币 Coin 以及合约帝等这样需要接入交易所API、展示真实交易数据的网站注册,也从不展示真实收益金额。

  所谓大神,就是被刻意造出来忽悠小白用户的。

  “带单老师都是交易所的,交易所还出策略让你赚钱,你当我们是做慈善吗?”

  (2)高杠杆下的“骗局”

  Odaily星球日报调查发现,这些带单社群连接的合约交易所,用户平均杠杆倍数基本都超过 20 倍,很少见到 10 倍以下的。

  “我一般开 20 倍杠杆,群里面基本上都开 50 倍、100 倍杠杆。”第一次玩合约的老李,显然没有风控意识,直到亏损了才发现问题所在,“其实群里就是有捧哏的拖,带着大家玩高杠杆。带单老师一开始也没提醒,后来大家亏损了开始抱怨,才说要注意风控。”

  实际上,老李所在的 Bitget 交易所还是可以选择 10 倍以下较低的杠杆倍数的,另外一些交易所则是故意开设高杠杆,用户根本无法选择,例如:BThot 只能开全仓开 50 倍以及 100 倍杠杆,Starqueen 只能全仓开 100 倍杠杆;LemonEx 只能全仓开 50 倍、100 倍以及 150 倍杠杆,如下所示: (BThot 杠杆倍数)(BThot 杠杆倍数) (Starqueen 杠杆倍数)(Starqueen 杠杆倍数) (LemonEx 杠杆倍数)(LemonEx 杠杆倍数)

  全仓 100 倍,意味着如果开了 100% 的仓位,行情下跌 1%,整个仓位就会全部爆仓。

  “开的倍数越高,收益肯定越高呀。”为了劝记者充值资金,某交易所工作人员如是说,“不可能没有风险,但只要控制好就行了,设置好止盈和止损。”

  诚然,带单老师的策略中也会提到止盈价以及止损价,但实际操作中止盈和止损并不容易。

  不少小交易所根本没有计划委托、止盈止损的功能,用户只能人工盯盘。但高杠杆倍数下人工找点位挂单很容易来不及,他们深度又差,即便是有止盈止损功能也经常失灵,爆仓是必然的。

  微博用户‘@ae1000我要上天’爆料称,在 Bingbon 交易所中委托挂单失效。 (挂单失效爆仓)(挂单失效爆仓)

  “之前我的一个单子,本来设置了止盈了,能赚 1000~2000 USDT。结果天亮一看,止盈居然给撤了。交易所说是我自己操作的,我也没证据证明是他们干的,只能自认倒霉,最后止损平仓。”老李表示自己在 Bitget 上有类似的遭遇,“有时候设置止损了,但是也没成交,交易所说是市场剧烈波动,所以产生了滑点。”

  此事也无法求证了,最终,合约新手老李在一个月内亏损 6000 USDT 出场。“赔了钱,就当交了学费。交易所其实特别现实,你亏完了,他(带单老师)就不搭理你了。”

  (3)割你没商量

  为什么这些籍籍无名的山寨交易所,只有高倍数杠杆?

  一是为了获得高额的交易手续费。假设合约手续费为 0.2%,用户开了 100 倍杠杆,那么开仓以及平仓总的手续费就是 0.2%*10082=40%。换言之,用户即便是按照开仓价进行平仓,也会亏损 40%,交易所稳赚不赔。

  另外,这些山寨交易所对于开仓也有限制,用户交易一手最低 100 USDT 以上;而币安等主流交易所合约一张最低其实不到 1 USDT。(LemonEx 交易一手需要 116 美元)(LemonEx 交易一手需要 116 美元)

  仓位价值的上涨,不仅可以为山寨交易所带来丰厚的手续费,带单老师也可以获得更高的返佣回报,赚得盆满钵满。

  正因此如此,带单老师会频繁给用户点位,并让用户频繁交易做短线单。几个来回,用户本金就被手续费侵蚀殆尽。

  二是为了吞没用户本金。交易所内部人士 X 告诉 Odaily星球日报,一些小交易所没有做市商,就是交易所与用户充当对手盘,用户赚了则交易所亏,反之亦然。因此,交易所会想方设法让用户亏损,所采用的策略就是是高杠杆+频繁交易,而不是直接‘插针’。

  “插针过于明显,会直接吓跑用户。但用户自己高频操作爆仓一般都自认倒霉,也很难维权。”

  “小白用户一般都是梭哈,即便你这次赚了,只要不离场,输一次,就会全亏回去的。即便是没有梭哈,在高杠杆的带动下,其余仓位也是不安全的。根据凯利公式,哪怕有一两个盈利出场了,大部分人还是亏的,交易所整体还是赚的。”另外一位交易所内部人士 Y 表示。 

  (Odaily星球日报注:凯利公式是一个在期望净收益为正的独立重复赌局中,使本金的长期增长率最大化的投注策略。如果将合约类比为赌博,一般散户在合约交易中的资金占比,会远远超出凯利公式的合理数值 20%。随着时间增长,用户亏损的概率会越来越大。)

  另外,交易所还会在社群中让用户把合约的止盈止损设置好,把自己的单发到群里,疑似计算盈亏比实行定点爆破。

  同时,交易所带单社群还规定:禁止私下添加好友,举报有奖。

  其实,这也是为最大限度地营造出‘赌场’的氛围,使得每个受害者成为‘信息孤岛’,不能互通信息,从而干扰用户的判断能力。当用户亏损时,交易所人员会劝导用户再次充值,‘争取下次赢回来’。

  (4)小交易所“诱惑”KOL 联合割韭菜

  前文提到,还有一种跟单方式,是用户主动加入社群 KOL 的行情分析群,这些 KOL 并不是交易所安排好的,自己确实是有一定交易能力的,但这也可能演变为割韭菜。 

  一些合约交易所,会找到币圈一些知名 KOL 或者活跃社群群主进行合作,由后者为交易所带去流量,交易所则给其广告费或者交易手续费返现(最高是 40%)。

  这个操作本身没有任何问题,是正常的广告和流量变现,大交易所也会正常以此获客。

  但是也有一些名不见经传的小合约交易所却想联合分析师坑散户的钱。Odaily星球日报分析师康康就曾遇到过此事,对方直接提出可以给予其一定比例的“客损“。

  你以为这些小交易所要赚手续费,他们实则早就盯上了你的本金。

  “你做分析师,以后流量变现很难的,跟我们合作才能赚大钱。”某交易所抛出条件,“我们不会插针,你也不会伤人脉。”

  出于 Odaily星球日报一贯‘保护用户’宗旨,康康当然拒绝了诱惑。不过,可以想见,这样的例子或许也会在其他媒体和分析师身上,大家是否都抗住了诱惑,我们不得而知

  离场受阻:不亏完休想走

  在交易所的一套组合拳之下,绝大部分散户自然难以招架,乖乖上缴本金。

  但是,也也不乏个别运气爆棚的用户,也许就正好百倍杠杆押对了方向,赚到了钱,还准备全部提现离场。

  这些山寨交易所会放过“幸运的你”?做梦。

  正当用户兴冲冲地想要提币时,又碰到了交易所设置的层层关卡。

  首先,用户提币需要进行 KYC 认证。KYC 是正常的,但问题是,一些交易所(例如BTHot)用户必须完成三级身份认证才能提币,而三大交易所则只需完成一级身份认证。最为关键的,三级认证前后耗时需要少则一天、多则更久才能提币(Starqueen 认证完 24 小时内不能提币),严重阻碍了用户的资金使用。

  等了 2 天,通过了认证,后续的提币中,也设置了许多不合理的规则。例如,BThot 交易所中 BTC、USDT、ETH 的提币下限都是 200 个,远高于主流交易所提币标准,如下所示:

  场外交易同样封死了出口,最低限度是 500 USDT。假设用户只剩下 100 美元,除非再次充币,否则就只能便宜了交易所。问题是,在看到这些不合理规则后,你还敢再次充币吗?大部分用户会选择花钱买个教训,算了。

  另外一些交易所,则在提币手续费上打起了主意。CEO 交易所此前提币手续费为 0.2%,即提 1000 个以太坊收取 2 个手续费,后降低了固定手续费,改为 0.01 ETH;Starqueen 手机 APP 上提币手续费高的离谱,从 10% 到 20% 不等。

  当然,即便你能通过前面重重险阻,坚持提币,交易所还藏着一招必杀技:封停账户。

  微博用户‘@Aofex交易所吃人不吐渣’爆料称,其在 Aofex 交易所进行期权交易盈利 6 万多元后,惨遭交易所封停账户。官方给出的解释是:操作市场,触发风控。

  真相如何,我们无法考证。但交易所封停账户在加密市场确实屡见不鲜。据区块律动消息,此前 ZB 交易所也曾封停用户账户,该账户曾交易某代币获利颇丰。

  总而言之,这些小交易所的一系列迷惑行为,都指向一个结论:散户只需亏,不许赢,不亏完休想走。

  总结

  随着加密市场的发展,增量用户的涌入,不法分子也会通过各种手段试图分一杯羹。

  一些山寨交易所,自诞生之日起,就下定了‘割一波离场’的想法。

  但比起曾经的卷款跑路,如今的骗局和套路无疑更深了。他们更像是攀附在投资者身上吸血的水蛭,懵懂的投资者还没有反应过来,就会被榨干。javascript:'<html><body style=background:transparent;></body></html>’

  有些看客也许会怀着“这样也会有人上当,我可没那么傻”的想法,但事实上,身在其中,怀着赚钱的梦,很有可能被层层套路吸引,最终万劫不复。就在 Odaily星球日报记者暗访不靠谱带单社群时,还拦下了几位正准备充值的投资者。

  因此,投资者一定要擦亮眼睛,谨慎交易,如果要进行合约交易,一定要选择 OKEx、币安、火币、BitMEX 和 Bybit 等专业的合约交易平台开单,同时控制仓位、控制杠杆,切勿轻信“带单老师”。

  此外,如果你所在的社群分析师符合以下特征,就要提高警惕了。

  指定用户去不知名交易所注册开单,这个交易所只有超高倍杠杆、充提币门槛高、手续费高;

  晒出高倍收益率,但不敢提供币Coin 等平台的实盘收益;

  频繁给出点位让用户开单,并要求用户将自己的仓位提供给他。

  最后还是要说,希望广大投资者理性投资,那些看上去太美的操作,往往就是骗局。

  该配合他们演出的时候,希望你们能选择视而不见。

By 秦晓峰

成都链安爆仓始末

同志们,我是怀着十分复杂的心情在写今天这篇惊天爆料。
不得不说,写文章四年了,见过了币圈那么多的风风雨雨,起起伏伏,以我现在的心境而言,很难有什么样的事情能再让我觉得是惊天大料。但他吗的,今天要说的事情,不但让我惊掉了下巴,也让四川东北两地公安系统惊掉了下巴。昨晚看到文章说,成都某安全公司把公安的钱给爆仓完了,内心真的是难以置信,因为这个瓜特别大,良心哥就第一时间多方面打听,才有了今天的文章,虽然没有很多证据上的实锤,但有很多的证人证言。我原本以为割韭菜这种行为,只是存在于高维向低维的收割,比如狗庄利用资金优势去收割韭菜。却不想在有生之年能看到,一个屌丝居然把两地的公安都给割了。
缘起PLUSTOKEN
不是我要卖关子,是如果你要读懂今天的瓜,就必须先了解当年plustoken是怎么被打的,而且打完之后的消息。
整个币圈知道完整真相的,没几个人。
而能告诉你们真相的,也只有良心哥了。在全国造成大范围影响后,盐城警方对plustoken进行研判,定性为特大跨国网络传销案,然后通过多方调查和缜密布局,由公安部指导进行了一场跨国抓捕,在瓦努阿图将plustoken核心人员抓捕归案。
人是抓了,但还需要对案情进行进一步的梳理,包括层级、涉案资金等各种犯罪证据的落实,最终形成完整的证据链,移交检察机关。因为是国内第一次打金额这么大的区块链新型犯罪案子,盐城警方在这方面也有一定的技术短板,于是就跟行业内专业程度较高的一些企业进行了合作,比如下面的电子数据司法鉴定中心和会计师事务所等等。而行业内一些做区块链安全的公司,有几家也参与了部分案件推进,主要是链上的数据分析。
随后你们也知道了,去年盐城将plustoken案件里没收的资产上缴国库,金额高达42亿美元。

令人唏嘘的是,plustoken里的比特币资产在8000–13000美金之间全部出货,完美避开了牛市。而如果拿到现在的话,总资产估计超过3000亿人民币,当时被plus吸纳的资金,全都是主流币。然而这些都不重要,人只能赚到自己认知内的钱,何况盐城警方在数字货币领域的名声一炮打响,更是得到了公安部的嘉奖。一些精明的企业发现,跟警方合作一起打击传销,是个不错的路子。五大安全公司
前段时间杜均让佟扬出来搞了个灵踪安全审计,号称五大审计公司之一。但他没敢说另外四家是谁,因为真的拉出来比的话,怕丢不起这人。
所谓四大审计公司,实际上是四家主做区块链安全的公司,基本都是由早期的互联网安全公司转型而来,有着比较不错的互联网安全技术功底,在区块链行业的探索,是他们的精准定位,而且在这个赛道上已经跑成功了。
他们分别是:慢雾、派盾、北京链安和成都链安。对于这些公司而言,审计只是他们业务的很小一块,但币圈项目方却最看重这一块,因为这仿佛意味着有背书一样。其中北京链安和成都链安并非一家,只是恰巧都用上了链安这个名字。
说实话良心哥本人非常喜欢链安这个名字,简明扼要,意思就是区块链安全,和币安取名有异曲同工之妙。但在今年,行业里可能只剩下一个链安了。一边是北京链安更名中科链安,完成品牌升级。一边是成都链安爆出惊天丑闻,即将毁于一旦。
成都链安
今天的文章稍微有点长,但起码到这一步,你知道主角是成都链安了。
成都链安是由电子科技大学(成都)的杨霞创办的,从18年开始做区块链安全方面的业务。

不得不说杨霞的能力还是很强的,成都链安先后拿到了复星集团、联想知名企业的投资和背书。作为女性创业者能做到这些真的很不容易,相较于其他几家,成都链安资方背景还是可以的。

成都链安对外的业务里大家听说最多的是合约审计,但实际上靠合约审计赚不到多少钱,良心哥去过成都链安,这些钱还不够覆盖他们开支的。
在赚钱方面,成都链安有着更深的布局,他们就是良心哥提到的,闻到了味道的那帮人。

没错,就是协助警方打击区块链行业的犯罪。如果说项目方一直在想怎么割韭菜,那么他们就一直在想怎么割项目方。其实这一套业务体系走的挺好的,如果那个男人没有出现的话。
高子扬
高子扬,成都链安科技CMO。马德里康普斯顿学士,广西大学法律硕士。自2012年起接触区块链技术,发起了西班牙比特币论坛,参与多个项目的投资孵化管理,unitedlabs投资联盟成员。这是在天眼查上对高子扬的简介。杨霞做梦也想不到,成都链安会葬送在这个男人的手里。
而你们更绝对想不到,高子扬上周五已经被巴中警方逮捕。
就在不久之前,高子扬还跟抹茶做了一场活动。实际上良心哥也和高子扬有过短暂的交集。去年良心哥应高子扬邀约,去成都商谈合作事宜,大致方向是我们活跃在维权一线,他们和警方关系不错,可以有合作空间。良心哥觉得这对于被割的粉丝来说可以是一个新的出路,于是欣然前往。
谈的时候非常愉快,随后我也给到高子扬一些线索,最后都无疾而终。

但是随着接触的深入,良心哥发现这哥们不实在。
一方面是给他的案件线索总是没有结果,另一方面线报却频繁传出高子扬拿着我们的线索去当做谈判筹码。
甚至最过分的是,直接将我公众号上的内容稍加整理就拿去给警方。

直到去年圣诞之前,再次发生这样的事情,良心哥忍无可忍,发信息质问他,这吊毛到到现在都没回复过我。
从前他装作没看见不回复我,现在他在蹲大牢也没法回复我了。
高子扬因何被逮捕?
说起来你可能很难相信,高子扬进去是因为亏钱了。
在这次加密货币史上最波澜壮阔的牛市中,这位马德里康普斯顿大学毕业后考取法律硕士的精英,在二级市场的表现居然还不如一个初中毕业什么都不懂的韭菜。在牛市中唯一能亏钱的方式就是:做空。根据良心哥得到的情报,高子扬从去年8月开始就做空比特币,当时比特币刚刚冲破12000美金。

随后比特币一路上涨,最高的时候突破6万美金。
四川警方调取了高子扬在OK的开单记录,发现其在一开始的时候是10倍做空比特币,随后杠杆倍数逐渐调高,到后期基本都是百倍空。
根据调查,仅在去年8月的时候,高子扬在合约上的亏损金额就已经超过3000万人民币。
如此巨额的亏损面前,高子扬的钱是从哪里来的?

赌徒的不归之路

高子扬是19年8月加入成都链安的,出任CMO,在跟警方对接的案件中大多由他出面。在警方破获案子之后,赃款和没收资金是要上缴国库的,但很多一部分是数字货币,于是委托成都链安进行变现。
高子扬因为业务上比较熟悉,变现这一块一直是他在做。手握巨额数字资产的高子扬起了歪心思,觉得这么多币放在这闲着也是闲着,不如去找个生财之道,于是跟杨霞沟通说,我很懂炒币,不如拿他们的钱去借鸡生蛋,然后晚点再把钱给他们。
按说从去年炒币到现在,只要买币都能赚钱。但不知道怎么想的,这哥们盯上了做空比特币。
尤其是在他做空亏损之后,反而更加坚定的做空比特币。
他的逻辑很简单:这个世界上哪有一直涨的币?比特币怎么涨的就会怎么跌回去。哪怕他短期内一直涨,只要我不断的加保证金就好了,反正总会跌下去的,我手里有这么多的币,还怕扛不住吗?何况我手里还有那么多案子,只要打了案子,我就可以继续拿警方破获案件的资金来继续扛单,相当于我是无限成本,只要跌下去我就能连本带利的收回来。逻辑上好像无懈可击,但现实往往非常残酷。
你不服,比特币就涨到你服。
你没有信仰,比特币就涨到你有信仰。你一路做空,比特币就涨到你一路爆仓。何况你要知道,中国人年底要清账的传统几千年不变。东窗事发
但他没想到的是,比特币真的就这么硬气,让他账面严重亏损,而且快到年底了,警方委托其变现的钱也都要归拢上缴国库,于是频繁催促高子扬拿钱出来。
但此时的高子扬,哪里还有钱能拿的出来?
眉山警方感觉不妙,在过年前堵住了高子扬要求清算之前的款项,高子扬告饶三天东拼西凑才拿了一部分先交出去,目前还欠着眉山几百万。
而巴中和鹤岗就没有那么幸运了。
巴中警方在去年远赴海南打掉了涉传的tokenbetter,金额有1个多亿。
鹤岗警方在去年千里奔袭北京带走了G支付的周川,金额有1.6亿。
几方资金加起来,金额差不多3个亿。
还是按去年的行情价算的,如果按现在来算,5个亿总是有的。他们万万没想到的是,交给链安的币,居然被高子扬拿去开合约输了个精光。
因为亏空巨大,后期高子扬经常百倍合约走起,因为他需要更快的回本方式去兑付资产。
因为亏空巨大,后期高子扬频繁在证据不足的情况下怂恿警方去打案子,想通过这种方式补上现金流。
因为亏空巨大,所以邀请我去成都商谈合作,目的是为了给他提供更多的案件线索。为了拖延时间,高子扬也是无所不用其极,一开始总是用断卡行动来拖延时间,甚至在年后,高子扬告诉警方说,钱包被盗了,里边币被转移走了。一开始警方还没怀疑到他头上,因为他演的太好了。后来警方将所有能碰到币的人全部调查问话,同时通过链上交易查询,才将高子扬锁定为犯罪嫌疑人。
高子扬涉嫌非法侵吞国有资产被批准逮捕,目前关押在巴中。
而东北警方目前也蹲守在四川,收集高子扬涉嫌诈骗的证据。这件事情已经惊动了省厅,高子扬必将付出惨痛的代价。
估计到时候很可能是数罪并罚。有媒体蹦出来说,成都链安表示这是不实传言、恶意炒作,请大家不要信谣传谣,那良心哥的意思很简单:你让高子扬出来回复一下呗?
看看巴中能不能把手机给高子扬。

高子扬的事情已经板上钉钉没什么好说的,那么成都链安公司及法人杨霞呢?
成都链安难辞其咎
退一万步讲,我们假设所有行为都是高子扬个人行为,法人杨霞没有参与其中,也没有授意高子扬的这种行为,属于完全清白。
那么杨霞就无罪了吗?
也未见得。
就像plustoken里,盐城警方委托会计事务所进行核验,并委托其他方面进行变现一样,无论是巴中还是鹤岗,合同上盖的都是成都链安的章。高子扬只是代表成都链安进行变现业务,责任主体可是成都链安。杨霞作为创始人和法人对内部管理有重大失误,导致高子扬实施了侵吞国有资产的犯罪行为,存在重大过错。你说你没参与,就没有责任了?
那可是好几个亿啊!杨霞可能是一个好的创始人,但不是一个好的管理者。无论最终结果如何,成都链安这个名字,在区块链行业已经没有再抬头的可能。令人唏嘘的是,一家背景光鲜亮丽的企业,四川东北的两地警方,居然会被一个名不见经传的小人物给坑了,而且金额这么巨大。
目前是一个三输的局面,高子扬必将牢底坐穿,成都链安彻底退出江湖,两地警方也都深受其害。在行业建设过程中,相应的规章制度和行为准则也要尽快跟上,尽量避免人为因素的作恶。
安全行业,就要有安全行业的样子。
不能只顾着行业安全和外部安全,内部安全往往更为重要。
同时之后告诫各位,合约真心碰不得。现货哪怕牛市结束,你币还在就有希望。
而合约可能牛市还在,你人已经不在了。

By 币圈的良心

什么是“插针”

在加密货币交易中,我们常常看到“插针”这个字眼,并且很多合约投资者对其深恶痛绝。那么,什么是插针?

简单的讲,插针就是在某种加密货币的价格震荡中,在某个时间点价格迅速冲高或下跌,然后又迅速的恢复到正常的价格水平。在K线图上就会表现出一条很长的向上或向下的影线,像一个针的形状,所以将其形象的命名为“插针”。

一般来说,插针对于现货交易没有什么影响。因为插针是在瞬间结束的,靠人来操作根本是跟不上,也不会影响行情的整体报价,而且这是交易所的场内价格,其他交易所同事间内不会出现插针。当然,如果事先挂了极高的价格或极低价格的单子,有可能在出现插针时以不可思议的价格卖币或买币,不过概率和买彩票中大奖差不多。

但在合约交易中因为都是有仓位的,当价格猛涨或猛跌时会触发强制平仓机制。而很多交易所使用自己的“场内成交价”作为衡量仓位风险的依据。所以一旦出现插针,用户就会被强平爆仓,造成严重的损失。

出现插针的原因有很多,有可能是交易所的交易深度不足,也可能是交易系统不完善不稳定,还有可能是有人故意操纵价格。所以,很多合约交易者一听到“插针”就会非常激动,因为他们往往认为这是交易所在恶意操控价格谋求不正当利益。

K线插针一个量化的定义

1.波幅大于100(波幅=最高价-最低价);(考虑到插针对韭菜们的杀伤力,可以适当调高波幅)

2.上影线或下影线长度是实体长度的2倍以上;(既然叫针,影线必然长)

注:一般来说,产生上影线的原因是空方力量大于多方而造成的;产生下影线的原因则是多方力量大于空方力量而形成的。

3.振幅超过近14根K线均值(振幅= 最高价 / 最低价 – 1)(考虑到不同于附近的行情,振幅必须大)

插针出现的频率

图中1为发生插针,-1为未发生插针,以上为近1年数据

不同的交易频率都会有插针的形态出现,但是整体来讲插针出现频率不高,尤其是有一定破坏力的插针出现的频次不高。

根据以上对5分钟K线插针的定义,近1年只出现了7次插针现象,适当放宽插针的定义条件出现频次会增加,但是整体出现频次仍然不会太高。

插针现象的交易机会

插针信号不太容易开发为交易策略,主要有以下问题无法解决:

1.无法准确预测何时将发生插针,从而不好准确入场交易;

2.即使存在交易机会,由于价格变化快,价格双向变化,对交易速度和风控的要求非常高;

3.交易机会少,只可以作为辅助策略而不是主交易策略。

插针是否可预警

上图我们尝试了6个不同领域的指标和一个组合指标,都以失败告终。

既然无法准确预测何时发生插针现象进行交易,从风控角度来讲是否可以提前预警呢?

插针现象的发生有随机性,目前任何常见的技术指标(动量指标/波动率指标/量价指标等)或技术指标的组合使用均不能侦测到插针的发生

但是非小号的研究人员在研究中发现,如将波幅超过100点的5分钟K线实体和max(上影线, 下影线)绘制成两条曲线,金叉或死叉发生后当天有一定概率出现插针现象。 这一发现虽然不可以指导具体交易,但是可以帮助风控。

entity为实体幅度,hatch为max(上影线,下影线)幅度,high_low为波幅,图中为近1年数据

之前未加过滤条件波幅大于100时候,实体线与影线金叉死叉频繁,不能观测到规律。加入过滤条件波幅大于100后规律明显。

插针后是否有明确的交易机会?

插针可以归结为3种K线技术形态:锤子线、吊颈线、十字星。

这三种形态都是典型的K线反转形态,在交易中多被使用,只不过插针线是这三种情况添加过滤条件后的子集。

每次插针都当作K线反转形态处理会有一定的成功率,如遇盘整情况的上下插针不建议入场操作。下面我们看一下插针后如何操作。

锤子、吊颈、十字星三种技术形态:

三种反转技术形态示例:

合约风险非常高,不适合小白操作,请小心谨慎。

By 普普

SPAC借壳上市的真相

伴随最近两年SPAC的井喷,最近数月各种介绍SPAC的文章也如井喷一般,清澄君此前的两篇(《青蛙变王子——SPAC简介》、《SPAC:错在何方?》)大概还算是在喷头处。然而,除了基本的规则、程序之外,其余介绍多少有些臆测的成分——有关SPAC的系统性研究还刚刚起步,大家各自做些猜测也不奇怪。伴随SPAC在美国的大热,亚洲一些地方也起了劲,新加坡,或许还有香港,都在积极准备引入SPAC——一如当日对同股不同权的热情。

于是,对美国SPAC真实状况的了解便刻不容缓,否则,这些地方难免将陷入无的放矢之境。尽管SPAC研究方才起步,但已经有两篇重要文章向我们展示了它的基本事实——纽约大学Klausner和Ohlrogge两位教授的A Sober Look at SPACs,以及佛罗里达大学Gahng、Ritter和南卡罗莱纳大学Zhang教授的SPACs。以下,清澄君就依据这两篇文章的发现,带大家一窥SPAC的真相。

真相一:SPAC不是“穷人的私募”

SPAC一直有“穷人的私募”之称,意思是原本无缘参与前IPO投资的散户,可以借助SPAC跻身早期投资人的行列。一旦宣布de-SPAC的消息,引起股价上升,散户也能得以享受一把类似IPO溢价的红利。然而,研究发现完全不是那么回事。

首先,在SPAC的一级市场投资人很可能绝大多数是机构。根据SPAC上市后的第一份机构投资人持股信息表13F,此类机构合计持有SPAC股份比例的中位数是85%,再加上SPAC发起人等内部人士的持股,以及高净值个人投资人的持股,普通散户在SPAC的IPO阶段持股比例或许只有个位数。

其次,就算散户从二级市场买进SPAC股票,也很难期待获得什么红利。研究发现,近来美国的SPAC市场已经变得十分有效率,因此,无论SPAC将来能给投资人带来什么样的预期好处,只要SPAC股票一上市,股价随即反映出了这些好处。再从二级市场买入的散户,其实已经为将来预期的红利支付了对价。Image

真相二:SPAC投资人确实挣钱

美国SPAC的基本机制是,投资人投入SPAC的资金将被几乎原封不动地存入第三方托管账户,用以投资低风险的美国短期国债。为吸引投资人,SPAC发起人会承担承销费(相当于SPAC募资金额2%)和管理费等费用。待等确定了收购的对象,投资人有权投票批准,并选择回赎其投资的SPAC普通股。不过,即便选择回赎普通股,投资人通常仍可保留免费获得的股票认购权(warrant)(有关SPAC的详细机制,参见《青蛙变王子——SPAC简介》)。

于是,SPAC投资人在并购方案宣布后,可以根据SPAC的股价决定是否行使回赎权。如果股价低于回赎价格——10美元加少许利息,就选择回赎;反过来,如果股价高于回赎价,就在二级市场把股票卖掉。总之,在出手普通股之后,投资人可以留下认购权,要是将来完成并购后的企业股价超过行权价——统一为11.50美元,就行使认购权,否则放弃行权。

这样一来,SPAC投资的实质变成了一个附有保底条件的可转债(CB)投资。10块出资等于是借给SPAC的债,到回赎时至少可以要回本金再加一点短期国债利息。而留着的认购权则仍可以让投资人分享到de-SPAC后的企业增值收益。既然有这样的好事,SPAC投资人不挣钱才怪。

研究发现,这些投资人在de-SPAC前的平均年化收益率为9.3%;即便是没有完成并购,两年后进行清算的SPAC,投资人也有平均2%的年化收益率。如此近乎躺着赚钱的买卖,就难怪机构要对投资SPAC趋之若鹜了。

真相三:SPAC投资人和de-SPAC后的投资人全然不同

从上面的“真相二”中我们已经看到,躺着赚钱的策略给了SPAC投资人在de-SPAC时,利用回赎全面撤资的机会。实际上,在最终完成并购的SPAC中间,SPAC投资人在并购前回赎比例的中位数达到73%,而对那些需要作13F披露的机构投资人而言,在de-SPAC前回赎或出售股票的比例更是平均高达九成,中位数为98%。

既然SPAC在IPO时募集到的资金大多无法留到完成并购,SPAC的发起人就难免要在de-SPAC时再发起一轮融资——定向私募,即PIPE(参见《美国人怎样定增?》),发起人自己的钱也会参与其中。大约有77%的SPAC在进行并购时要再融资,发起人提供再融资的比例达到61%。

De-SPAC时,从发起人和第三方定向募集到的资金,平均占到SPAC向收购对象支付的现金比例的40%,更有近三分之一的SPAC,第二轮定向募资获得的资金占据了其用作收购资金的大多数。由此可见,SPAC和de-SPAC阶段,投资人进行了一次大换血,除发起人之外,根本就是两拨人。

有意思的是,大概从2010年左右起,SPAC的投资人不论是不是选择在de-SPAC时回赎其出资,都可以参与批准并购方案的投票。也就是说,投票者几乎没有股权利益在收购完成之后的公司内——除行使认购权的好处之外。于是乎,这些投票者类似于“空心股东”,不用关心并购的对象到底好不好,这就为发起人赶在2年时限前,胡乱挑个目标收购了事打开了方便之门(有关发起人的这种逆向激励,参见《SPAC:错在何方?》)。Image

真相四:De-SPAC后公司的收益极低

在完成收购之后,SPAC的收益率很差,三个月后的平均收益率为-2.9%,和IPO公司相比则为-13.1%,更有半数以上的SPAC在并购完成后的三个月内亏损率达到或超过14.5%。随着时间的拉长,SPAC的亏损进一步增加,并购后六个月的平均亏损率为33%,亏损率的中位数达到-43.2%;到12个月之后,亏损率的平均值和中位数分别扩大到47.1%和56.5%。也就是说,de-SPAC后一年,当时没有回赎或者卖掉SPAC股票的投资人将亏掉一半的钱。

相比上述一般情况,由高质量发起人——管理资产金额(AUM)超过10亿美元的基金,或“财富500强”企业前董事长、CEO——发起的SPAC,并购之后的收益稍好。完成后三个月的平均收益率为31.5%,比IPO公司高出25.1%。但是,到六个月后,即使这些高质量发起人发起的SPAC平均收益率也只是和IPO公司持平,而中位数则比IPO公司低31%。

简言之,通过SPAC上市的公司业绩非常差,远远逊色于由正常IPO途径上市的公司。

真相五:利用SPAC上市成本高于IPO

很多人都认为利用SPAC上市的成本比传统IPO来得低,而这常常是基于表面的直觉,甚至是偏见。普通IPO的成本主要是承销费用和定价低估(underpricing,参见《直接发行上市:究竟动了谁的奶酪?》)两部分;SPAC的成本包括承销费,以及发起人持有的干股和SPAC投资人、PIPE投资人持有的认购权对并购完成后的公司资产形成的稀释。

研究显示,利用SPAC上市的合计成本,占寻求上市的公司从SPAC获得的现金数额的比例,中位数高达50.4%。换言之,对半数的利用SPAC上市的公司而言,由SPAC上市募集到的资金,有一半以上充作了上市的成本。而传统IPO的承销费占筹集资金的比例为7%,IPO定价低估的部分占比则为20%左右。两者相加,传统IPO的总成本大概占融资金额的27%,差不多只是利用SPAC上市的一半。

还有一种观点认为SPAC上市时间短,实际上,这个时间短只是SPAC这个空壳完成IPO注册发行的时间,比一个正常经营性公司的IPO注册发行时间短。可是,拿空壳和经营性公司作比较,原本就是拿苹果和桔子相比。更何况,利用SPAC上市绝对不只是空壳注册发行,还有后续de-SPAC,也就是完成收购的时间要计算在内。究竟哪种上市更快,其实不易比较。

实际上,我们看到利用SPAC上市的公司,常常是无法通过传统IPO上市的公司。比方说,WeWork在2019年遭受IPO挫败之后,方才转而寻求SPAC上市。而坊间传闻在疫情高峰期,Airbnb也曾试图寻求SPAC上市,还有人说Bill Ackman发起的超级SPAC就是冲着Airbnb来的。然而,一旦业绩重有起色,Airbnb就回归了传统IPO,而Ackman的SPAC至今尚虚席以待。从公司的如此选择来看,它们恐怕也明白SPAC比IPO更花钱。

真相六:SPAC发起人的回报不如想象

SPAC的发起人通常以很低的成本持有20%的SPAC普通股,以及与普通股一比一对应的认购权,并且,在后续的股权认购协议(forward purchase agreement)中还能再获得认购权,所以,很多人都认为SPAC发起人的回报很高,也因此才激发了各界名流竞相发起SPAC。

然而,研究的结果却发现SPAC发起人的回报并不是想象的那么高。我们前面提到,为吸引最初的SPAC投资人,发起人需要承担SPAC这个空壳公司的IPO承销费以及后续管理费。De-SPAC时,由投资人回赎引起的资金缺口,发起人又往往要用自己的钱来弥补相当一部分。

而要在de-SPAC时吸引到PIPE投资人,以及留住原有投资人,发起人非但要折价向他们发行新股、奉送认购权,还要放弃自己持有的SPAC普通股和认购权。平均而言,SPAC发起人要放弃自己持有的34%的普通股和42%的认购权。即使在回赎率较低——并购资金缺口较小——的SPAC中,发起人平均仍要放弃22%的普通股和42%的认购权。Image

其实,非但是SPAC的发起人,就是SPAC的承销商,也经常要放弃自己后半部分——即de-SPAC阶段——的承销费,平均放弃的比例为24%。

纽约大学两位学者的研究显示,在SPAC完成并购后12个月,发起人回报率的中位数为32%。由于发起人在de-SPAC后,通常有一年的锁定期,所以12个月后的回报才是可能兑现的。如果考虑到SPAC可以有长达两年的寻找并购目标的时间,那么,发起人的年化收益率可能只是20%的样子。美国PE基金中,有限合伙人(LP)的回报率也接近这个数字,更不用说GP了。

真相七:SPAC并非欺诈投资人的温床

最后,正如清澄君在《SPAC:错在何方?》中所言,没有理由认为SPAC会比IPO涉及更多的欺诈。在证券监管规则方面,SPAC主要的好处是可以在有关并购的信息披露中作出前瞻性报告(forward looking statement),包括进行一些业绩预测。这类前瞻性报告在并购信息披露中可以得到反欺诈避风港的保护,而要是在IPO发行文件中出现,则得不到这样的保护。

纵然有这种规则差异,SPAC的欺诈概率充其量也就是和普通的并购交易相当。针对普通并购交易的反欺诈规则,包括《证券交易法》10b、SEC Rule 10b-5、Regulation 14a等也都同样适用于de-SPAC。所以,假如说SPAC涉及的欺诈比IPO更多,那么,普通的并购交易也会比IPO出现更多的欺诈,而这似乎并非实情。果然,纽约大学两位法学教授的研究也没有发现SPAC是欺诈投资人的温床。

尽管我们大致看清了SPAC的一系列真相,可是,围绕SPAC仍有诸多谜团,比如,既然de-SPAC后的公司业绩如此之差,那为什么还有SPAC投资人愿意继续留着在这种公司里?而SPAC发起人的回报要是及不上PE基金的GP,又为何有这么多人赶着来发起SPAC呢?

我们同时看到,SPAC的结构也在发生着变化,比如投资人获得的认购权比例减少,以及Ackman发起的新型SPAC,放弃了发起人20%的干股,还不允许回赎出资的投资人保留认购权(参见《SPAC:错在何方?》)。这些市场的新变化又将会把SPAC引向何方呢?

对于那些正在准备引进SPAC的地方,清澄君以为,只要不引发更多的欺诈,整体而言,多一条上市的渠道,也能多增加资本市场的一份活力。只是,有关SPAC的各种真相,应向投资人大力宣传,避免因为认知不足而遭受损失。而在了解真相之后作出的投资选择,那就是你情我愿,后果自负了。

By 清澄君